stick-n-rudder flight training, llc™

Presented to: Instructors and Pilot Examiners

By: The FAASTeam

Date: July 1 to September 30, 2010

Federal AviationAdministrationStick-n-Rudder

Flight Training, LLC™Flight training begins on the ground, not in the air.™

Tyra Cerny, CFI, AGI, IGIScott Johnson, CFI, AGIwww.sticknrudder.com

By: The FAASTeam

Federal AviationAdministrationFAASTeam

CFI Workshop 8Module 8, Core Topics 15:

Pilot Deviations Including Runway Incursions

3Federal AviationAdministration

FAASTeam CFI Workshop 8

July 1 through September 30, 2010

Module 8 – Core Topic 15Pilot Deviations, Including

Runway Incursions:• Educate your students to recognize the potential

for Pilot Deviations during all Areas of Operation• Create and demonstrate situations that will

enable students to experience various types of Pilot Deviations first hand in the training environment.

• Teach and practice strategies to mitigate Pilot Deviations dependant on distractions and/or cockpit confusion.

Are all of your students registered at FAASafety.gov?

What is a Runway Incursion?

• Any occurrence at an airport involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

• Basically, crossing the hold short lines of a runway you haven’t been cleared to cross.

The Triple T ~ Tyra’s Top Ten

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1. See the Big Picture2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2. Situational Awareness3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3. Speak Clearly4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.4. Concise5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.4.5. Copy Clearances6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.4.5.6. Signs & Markings7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7. Sterile Cockpit8.9.10.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8. Admit When Lost9.10.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9. Right Frequencies – ground, tower, departure10.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10. Repeat Clearances

1. See the Big Picture2. Situational Awareness3. Speak Clearly4. Concise5. Copy Clearances6. Signs & Markings7. Sterile Cockpit8. Admit When Lost9. Right Frequencies – ground, tower, departure10. Repeat Clearances

Runway Incursion Challenge• 58 million landings and

takeoffs last year *

• Thousands of runway crossings per day!

• Human error is a certainty • Technology has limitations

• Causes – Consequences are global in nature

Source: * FAA Runway Safety Fact Sheet

Pilots are Very Confident by Nature and by Culture

• I’m a professional!• I’ve trained hard and long for this!• I’ve done it thousands of times!• I’m current and very proficient!• What could possibly go wrong???

What can you do to reduce runway incursions?

• Plan your surface operations• Employ cockpit discipline• Understand taxi procedures• Make proper use of aircraft lights• Use proper communication techniques• Understand/recognize airport signs and

markings• STAY ALERT – Look both ways prior to

crossing any runways!

Planning Surface Operations

• Pre plan taxi routes at departure and destination airports

• Ensure you have an accurate, up to date airport diagram available

• Review NOTAM’s and ATIS for possible construction impacts – rwy/twy closures

• Look for “hot spots”– Jeppesen airport diagrams – FAA charts

Verify Compass heading to confirm proper runway taxiway selection.

Cockpit Discipline

• Minimize distractions during critical phases– Taxi for takeoff is where majority of RIs occur– Delay checklists until off the runway

• Recognize when you need to have “heads up”– Any time the plane is moving but…– Especially when approaching a runway or an intersecting taxiway

• Write down taxi routes and clearances– From RIIEP – 72% of pilots who had incursion DID NOT

• Use the airport diagram during taxi– From RIIEP – 47% of pilots who had Rwy inc DID NOT

• Verbalize critical instructions to other crew members– Hold Short or Crossing instructions

Pilot Deviations What’s the Problem?

• TFR – Temporary Flight Restriction• SFRA – Special Flight Rules Area• MOA – Military Operations Area• ADIZ – Air Defense Identification Zone• Prohibited – From the surface to defined limit• Alert – Informs of a high volume of aerial

activity• Warning – Areas 3 NM beyond the US coast,

possible hazardous activity

Lack of Preparation

• Always have your Airport Diagram with you– Print them off @ naco.faa.gov “Free Digital

Products”– Write all over them, take notes, circle FBO’s,

Highlight taxi routes…• Before you call Ground, you should have

already identified 1 or 2 of the most likely taxi routes. If you can’t point to your entire route on the airport out the window, you’re not ready to call Ground yet

Clear Left? Clear Right? Cleared to Cross?

• When you’re approaching a Runway, verify a few things

• 100 yards away, not 10’, from the Runway hold lines, begin to look out for yourself

• “Clear left” by looking left, don’t just say it• “Clear right” by looking right, don’t just say it• “Cleared to cross” by confirming with your

notes or Ground Control• Or “Holding Short”

Ask for a “Progressive Taxi”

• If a couple of clarifications aren’t enough to remove all doubt of a perfect taxi, get the Progressive

• Ignore the condescending speech, use the help

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS WILL SAVE YOUR LIFE!

Take the Taxi as seriously as the flight

• Think about it…• It’s easier to measure your mistakes when on the

airport surface vs. in the air• There are as many, if not more, opportunities to

violate a regulation on the ground as in the air• There are dramatically more collision hazards

packed into this little space at any given time when compared to in flight operations…airports are the center of flight activity

Sterile Cockpit during taxi

• Professional cockpits allow NO non-essential communication when the aircraft is below 10,000’ MSL

• For us in General Aviation airplanes, maintain a sterile cockpit from engine start until completing the cruise checklist. Then resume from beginning the before landing checklist until engine shut down.

• Do not allow external distractions to cause a mistake or oversight on the airport surface.

The perfect passenger?

FAASTeam CFI Workshop 8Module 8, Core Topic #15

Questions?

Comments?

Ideas?

Quiz time ~

1. The before take-off checklist should be completed while taxing.a. Trueb. False

2. At a controlled airport, if you are unsure of where to taxi after landing, you shoulda. Consult your taxi chartb. Ask ATC c. Ask you co-pilot or passengerd. Taxi around until you find your destination on the airport.

3. True or False; As of June 2010, Runway Incursions are on a “downward” trend.

4. Should the pilot read-back “all” takeoff and landing

clearances, including the runway designator?? 5. Only “read-back” an ATC clearance when on an “IFR”

flight plan. True or False?

6. Which of the following areas are major contributors to Pilot Deviations in general?a. Communicationsb. Airport Knowledgec. Cockpit procedures for maintaining orientationd. Distractione. All of the above

Answers Follow –

1. The before take-off checklist should be completed while taxing.a. Trueb. False

b. False - Airplane Flying Handbook2. At a controlled airport, if you are unsure of where to taxi

after landing, you shoulda. Consult your taxi chartb. Ask ATC c. Ask you co-pilot or passengerd. Taxi around until you find your destination on the airport.

b. Ask ATC - Airplane Flying Handbook

3. True or False; As of June 2010, Runway Incursions are on a “downward” trend.

True, RI’s so far during FY 2010 have decreased slightly - Office of Runway Safety; FAA.

4. Should the pilot read-back “all” takeoff and landing clearances, including the runway designator??

“YES” – FAA, Office of Runway Safety.5. Only “read-back” an ATC clearance when on an “IFR”

flight plan. True or False?“False’ – AIM, Section 5 and Airplane Flying

Handbook

6. Which of the following areas are major contributors to Pilot Deviations in general?

a. Communications

b. Airport Knowledge

c. Cockpit procedures for maintaining orientation

d. Distraction

e. All of the above

e. All of the above - Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3A) page 1-5

FAASTeam CFI Workshop #6

Take a 5 minute Break!

When we return:Reading between the lines and saying what

ATC wants you to say.Would you like a Special with that?

This Completes CFI Workshop Module 8

ANDThe First CFI Workshop Series

CONGRATULATIONS!

Be sure to have your attendance record validated!

By: The FAASTeam

Federal AviationAdministrationStick-n-Rudder

Flight Training, LLC™Flight training begins on the ground, not in the air.™

Tyra Cerny, CFI, AGI, IGIScott Johnson, CFI, AGIwww.sticknrudder.com

stick-n-rudder flight training, llc™

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