steven koelmeyer bds(hons)1 reconfigurable hardware for use in ad hoc sensor networks supervisors...
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Steven Koelmeyer BDS(hons) 1
Reconfigurable Hardware for use in Ad Hoc Sensor NetworksSupervisorsCharles Greif Nandita Bhattacharjee
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Introduction
Overview
Project Aim
Ad Hoc sensor motes
What was Achieved
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Overview
The Smart Dust Project was started at Berkeley University sponsored by DARPA
The aim was to create the smallest possible Ad-Hoc sensor nodes
Small enough that releasing thousands into an environment would be insignificant
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Duck Island
Over 190 nodes including temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, infra-red and cameras
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Overview
Current Technology allows for extremely small wireless devices
Capable of basic packet transmission, limited processing ability and taking sensor samples
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Sensor Motes: Structure
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Sensor Motes: Structure The CPU is an Atmel ATmega128 RISC architecture, internal SRAM, Flash memory
and EEPROM, internal analogue to digital converter
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Sensor Motes: Software
Nodes each run an embedded Operating System called TinyOS
Applications are written in NesC Tools and Utilities are java based
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Limitations
Limiting factors Power Storage Processor size Communication Range
Reconfigurable hardware offers increased processing ability without severely impacting on power
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Reconfigurable Hardware
Reconfigurable hardware comes in the form of: Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) Complex PLDs Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
FPGAs being the choice for this project
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FPGA Performance Reconfigurable hardware allows for the
flexibility of Microprocessors while providing the speed of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit
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The Reconfigurable Hardware Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Programmed with VHDL After being compiled you end up with a bitstream
entity BUFFERx8 is port ( in1: in STD_LOGIC;
out1: out STD_LOGIC);end bufferx8;
architecture STRUCTURE of BUFFERx8 is begin buf1 : process (in1) begin
if ( in1 = '1' ) thenout1 <= '1';
elseout1 <= '0';
end if; end process;
end STRUCTURE;
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Bit stream format
Xilinx ASCII BitstreamCreated by Bitstream D.27Design name: statemachine_5_out.ncdArchitecture: spartan2Part: 2s200pq208Date: Tue Sep 28 13:58:32 2004Bits: 13358401111111111111111111111111111111110101010100110010101010101100110001100000000000010000000000000010000000000000000000000000000011100110000000000010110000000000001000000000000000000000000000100010011000000000001001000000000000100000000100000000011111100101101001100000000000011000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000110000000000001000000000000001
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Boundary Scan
Boundary Scan was originally developed by the Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) for in-circuit testing of complex logic
Replace “Bed of Nails” on single layer circuits Serial interface using instructions for different
operations JTAG is controlled on devices through a Test
Access Port
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Example Instruction Set
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TAP Controller
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Testing
Initial testing was done using a newer Spartan 2 XS200 digilab board
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Design and Development
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Simulation
Simulation can be performed by compiling the TinyOS code for PC instead of sensor motes
Can be run in real time Also able to use file I/O functions FPGA was attached to the parallel port
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Simulation
Before downloading the bit stream the FPGA must be reset
A specific pattern of signals into the chip must be followed down to hundreds of nanoseconds.
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Simulation
A bit stream download in simulation takes 3 minutes
Does not wait for transmissions No errors or retransmissions Runs at computers CPU speed
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Implementation
FPGA is mounted onto a circuit board Sit on top as a daughter board
<Picture of board here>
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Implementation
Bit stream is downloaded to the Base Station and broadcast over the wireless link
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Applications
Image analysis Car Number Plates Data Compression Face Recognition
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Insert demonstration here
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