state-building: iran and turkey attaturk and reza shah
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State-building: Iran and Turkey
Attaturk and Reza Shah
From the Ottoman Empire to Turkey
• How was the Turkish nation-state created out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire?
• Why and how did Turkey achieve independence while its Arab heartland remained under European dominance?
• What were the factors that influenced these different outcomes?
• How did Turkey’s experience differ from Iran’s?
• How did these different state-building experiences affect subsequent history?
The Ottoman Empire Dismembered
War of Independence
• Resistance groups • Grand National
Assembly, 1920• National Pact• Obstacles facing
nationalists
Above: meeting in Sivas, 1919Left: assembly in 1920
(In the meantime) On the international front
• Russians• French• Greeks• Armistice of Mudanya
(1922)• Lausanne Conference
(1922) and Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
Istanbul
The New Republic under Atatürk (1923-1938)
• Turkey declared a Republic and Mustafa Kemal its president (Oct. 1923) → later known as Atatürk, “father of the Turks”
• Capital moved to Ankara
• Republican People’s Party (RPP)
The New Republic Under Atatürk
• Politics• The Constitution • Religion
• Who was Mustafa Kemal Atatürk?
Kemalism: Six Principles
• Reformism• Republicanism• Secularism• Nationalism• Populism• Etatism
What’s in a Hat?
WOMEN
• Polygamy forbidden• More grounds to seek divorce
(for women)• Women could marry non-
Muslim men• Universal education• Right to vote in 1934• Encouraged to enter
professions • Campaign against the veil• Miss Europe 1932
Halide Edib, prominent Turkishnationalist
Iran under Muhammad Reza Shah (1920-1941)
• Iran and effects of World War I
• Iran’s special problems
Coming to power of Reza Khan (later Shah)
• 1919 Anglo-Persian Treaty
• Reza Khan, the Cossack, “the man on horseback”
• Normalized relations with Russia
• His program
His rule: social and economic change
• Millspaugh, 1922• Army • 1925: establishment of Pahlavi
dynasty• Modernization and reform from
above • Westernization• Persia ► Iran, 1935• Social change• OIL
Assessment
• What kind of support did he have and why?
• What kind of modernization and what kinds of effects on Iranian society?
• How did this “new” Iran relate to the West?
From the Ottoman Empire to Turkey (back to our questions)
• How was the Turkish nation-state created out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire?
• Why and how did Turkey achieve independence while its Arab heartland remained under European dominance?
• What were the factors that influenced these different outcomes?
Assessment
• How did Turkey’s experience differ from Iran’s?
• How did these different state-building experiences affect subsequent history?
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