standardization and research prof. dr. christine giger swiss federal institute of technology zurich ...
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Standardizationand Research
Prof. Dr. Christine Giger
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
http://www.geoit.ethz.ch/
© Atlas der Schweiz - interaktiv
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 2
Standards?!
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 3
Switzerland?!
CZ = CH ?!
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 4
Swiss Newspaper (Tages-Anzeiger 14.8.02)
Slovak Republic!
Hungary?
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 5
Access to Geodata!
Examples: Institute for Cartography, ETH Zurich
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 6
Information Communities
“An Information Community is a collection of people (e.g. a government agency, a profession, a group of researchers in the same discipline, etc.) who … share a common digital geographic information language and share common spatial feature definitions. This implies a common world view as well as common abstractions, feature representations, and metadata.”
(according to Open GIS Consortium, 1999, www.opengis.org)
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 7
Different Semantics
In any application of spatial information:
There is a demand for integrating spatial data from different sources, which belong to different information communities.
Usually this integration is non-trivial because of the different semantics used for the spatial data in different information communities.
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 8
Example: Urban Planning
• We need different features and attributes from different data sources, amongst others: Citizens’ and politicians’ opinions on street network Basic spatial data from official survey Possible paths for traffic from private supplier for car
navigation data Information on lane surface properties from road
maintenance
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 9
Example: spatial features and attributes
• The data on streets should be characterized by: Purpose and notion Geometry Accuracy and co-ordinate system
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 10
Example : What is a street?
Information Community
Citizens Official survey
Navigation Road maintenance
Purpose/
Notion
Traffic, noise
Part of a tessellation, consists of parcels
Part of a path, which has to be calculated
3D object with different surface features and infrastructure attributes
Geometry Line on a map
Polygon, specifying an area
Connected line segments, topology explicitly stored
Linear object, street axis
Accuracy/
Co-ordinate system
Sufficient for recognizing the street in reality /
adequate
1 to 10 cm /
local, official co-ordinate system (x,y)
10 to 30 meters /
local, official co-ordinate system (x,y)
~ 10 cm to 50 cm / linear co-ordinate system (u,v)
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 11
Problem
• There is not ONE geometry or description for a spatial object
• How to describe semantics of spatial objects in a formal way?
• How to provide services for data transfer, data integration, quality checks, etc.?
Approaches:• CH: INTERLIS• ISO/TC211: conceptual schema language• Science: Ontology
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 12
What is an Ontology?
• In Philosophy: A science or study of being: specifically, a branch of
metaphysics relating to the nature and relations of being; a particular system according to which problems of the nature of being are investigated
• In Artificial Intelligence / Computer Science: A theory concerning the kinds of entities and specifically the
kinds of abstract entities that are to be admitted to a language system.
OR simply:A specification of a conceptualization.
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 13
Research topics in Geoinformation Science
• … which are related to ISO/TC211 standards use of Ontologies for spatial data processing Image semantics Interoperable Services Location-based Services Handling of spatio-temporal data 3-D Information systems Data Usability Ontology and Metadata Spatial Data Infrastructures …
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 14
(GI-) Standards
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 15
Benefits for Research
• According to the Swiss experience(mainly during the INTERLIS development),standards: provide a reliable basis prevent from re-inventing the wheel offer interesting research topics (during development)
may offer an opportunity to disseminate know-how and research results
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 16
Benefits for Standardization
• Today‘s research results (in GI Science and Technology) will influence the market in 5-7 years
• Students who use standards in projects, thesis, and courses: are well-educated experts who appreciate the standards‘
usability help to disseminate the standards and enforce their market
presence
• Research institutions provide neutral experts to test, evaluate, and improve existing standards
GeoInformation Technologies
Prof. Dr. Ch. Giger - Standardization and ResearchISO/TC211, 2003-05-21 17
Conclusion
• Keep close contact between
Standardization and Research!
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