spore and cone bearing plants, vegetative propagation

SPORE BEARING PLANTS

A plant that reproduces by bearing spores; also known as sporophyte.

1. FERNSa flowerless plant that has feathery or leafy fronds. Ferns have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients.

Vascular plants

PARTS OF FERNS

rhizomesThe stem of sporophyte ferns. It grows horizontally under the surface of the ground.

rhizoidsare rootlike structures that’s absorbs water and minerals salts from the soil.

fiddleheadsYoung unrolling leaves, develop from the stem.

frondsMature leaves that contain sporangia, which are found on the underside.

sporangiaAre the parts that produce the spores.

sporesAre pollen-like structures of the nonflowering plants that grow into gametophyte.

sorus or soriClusters of sporangia form brown spots.

Life Cycle of Fern

Alternation of GenerationsThis cycle is characterized by alternating sporophyte, which involves spore formation, and gametophyte generation, which produces gametes.

gametophyteIs a tiny plant that grow low on the ground and protect both sperm and egg cells.

prothallusA small heart shape structure of gametophyte. Which forms the organs that produce gametes.

archegoniumthe female organ which forms the egg cells.

antheridiumthe male organ which holds the sperm cells.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.

Fertilization  the action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

1. Spores are released.2. Spores germinate into gametophyte.3. Gametophyte grows both male and female sex organs.

spore bearing plantsferns rhizomes Rhizoidsfiddleheads fronds sporangiaSporessorus gametophyteProthallus Archegoniumantheridium zygotesporophyte

4. Sperm cell swims and reaches the egg cell.5. Fertilized egg grows into sporophyte.

SporophyteIt is the diploid form of plants that have alternation of generations. It develops from a zygote and produces asexual spores.

2. MOSSES

Are small, soft plants that are classified as bryophytes or nonvascular plants.

2. MOSSES

Do not have true roots, stems, and leaves. They do not produce seeds.

Mitosis – a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

1. A green moss gametophyte produces archegonia and antheridia.

2. In the presence of water, the sperm cell from antheridia swim to the archegonia where fertilization occurs. Zygote is formed.

3.The zygote grows into sporophyte that consist of a capsule that develops spores.

4. When the spores matures, the capsules open and the winds carried them away.

5. A spores begins to grow when it reaches a moist place. It divides and grows again into a new gametophyte and the cycle continues.

USES OF MOSS1. Protects the roots of other plants and prevent soil erosion caused by rushing waters on rainy days.

2. Serves also as ornamental plants the beautify the garden.

3. Sources of oxygen.4. When dry they can also be used as fuel.

5. Used in packing live plants for shipment because mosses can hold water longer. Soil holds more water when mixed with mosses too.

CONE BEARING PLANTS

A plant that reproduces by bearing cone; also known as conifer.

FIR

SPRUCE

GINKGO

JUNIPER

YEW

CYPRESS

CEDAR

CONIFERSBelong to the group of vascular seed plants called gymnosperms.

GYMNOSPERMA species of seed plants that do not commonly produce flowers or fruits.

ANGIOSPERMA flowering plants.

Naked seedsIs what you called the Gymnosperm seeds because they are not surrounded by fruit tissues. Except for ginkgo and yew that bear flowers and fruits.

TWO TYPESOF CONES

1. POLLEN CONEWhose pollen or tiny capsules contain the sperm cell.(the male gametophyte)

2. SEED CONEWhich contains seed. (the female gametophyte)

SAPLINGYoung conifer.

VEGETATIVE PLANT PROPAGATION

PLANT PROPAGATIONIs a method of increasing the number of plants of the same kind while retaining their desirable characteristics.

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

A form of asexual reproduction of plants.

NATURAL VEGETATIVE

PROPAGATION

PLANTS GROW FROM STEMS

Ex. Runners, tubers, bulbs, corms, and rhizomes.

1. RUNNERS or STOLONSStems that grow horizontally along the surface of the soil.

strawberry

hydrilla

Bermuda grass

2. TUBERSIs an enlarged underground stem.

cassava

potatoes

dahlia

3. BULBSConsist of short underground stems.

Apical budLocated at the center of bulb which grows upward at the peak and produce leaves and flowers.

Lateral budGrows at the sides and produces new shoots or young outgrowths.

onion bulb

tulips

garlic

lily

4. CORMSOr bulbo-tubers are short swollen underground plant stems that serve as storage organs.

taro

Purple yam

Gladiolus

5. RHIZOMESIs a thickened stem or branch of a plant that grows horizontally underground.Also called as creeping rootstalks.

ginger

asparagus

Cogon grass

Lawn grasses

PLANTS GROW FROM LEAVES

The plant’s leaf cutting or crown.

1. LEAF CUTTINGSCutting the leaves into sections, each with a main vein.

AFRICAN VIOLET

GLOXINIAS

BEGONIAS

KATAKATAKA

2. CROWNThe upper leafy part of a pineapple plant.

PLANTS GROW FROM ROOTS

1. ROOT TUBERS AND CUTTINGS

The upper portion of the root is cut flat and planted into the soil.

CARROTS

RADISHES

TURNIPS

WEEPING WILLOW

GLORY BOWER

LILAC

ANGEL’S TRUMPET

2. SHOOTSOr suckers are underground parts of the stem that come out from the roots.

BANANA

BAMBOO

ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE

PROPAGATION

1. cuttingis a process where a stem , leaf or root cutting is taken from plant.

CUTTING

Fortune plant

santan

ROSE

SUGARCANE

CASSAVA

2. LAYERINGA technique to grow new plants by developing new roots on a stem that is still attached to the parent plant.

TYPES OF LAYERING

A. SIMPLE LAYERINGIs the process where a flexible branch of a plant bends to the ground.

MAYANA

OREGANO

PEANUTS

STRAWBERRY

B. COMPOUND LAYERINGIs the process done when the branch is bent, covering two or more parts of it with soil to develop new roots.

C. AIR LAYERINGIs the process by which a stem is slit and enclosed with moist moss.

APPLE

PEAR

ORANGE

MANGO

3. GRAFTINGA twig from a plant is joined to another plant of the same kind.

Grafting

scionIs a good stem from a chosen variety that is cut from the first plant.

stockA branch of a plant where the scion is inserted into a slit maid in the said branch.

cambiumsGrowing layers of each stem

ROSE

MANGO

SANTOL

GUAVA

Pointers to review in ScienceSpore bearing plantsCone bearing plantsVegetative propagation