some neurology about color specializations (meadows, 1974) axial view ipl fusiform v1
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Some Neurology About Color Specializations
(Meadows, 1974)
Axial view
IPL
Fusiform
V1
GIRKIN AND MILLER
Surv Ophthalmol 45 (5) March–April
2001
Lingual and Fusiform
Gyri: Ventral Occipital Cortex
Cerebral achromatopsia or dyschromatopsia
•Following a cortical lesion, a human subject loses
specifically the ability to see the world in colour
•Appearance is ‘dirty shades of grey’
•Often accompanied by a transient inability to recognize
faces (prosopagnosia)
• No obvious loss of form vision measured by acuity
•The signals relayed to the brain are normal, but the
mechanism used to construct color appearance is defective.
Examples of dissociation – A little Neurology
• Oliver Sacks patient suffered a car accident; artist for whom color vision was lost while pattern vision was retained
• There are instances in which color vision is spared, whileform vision is lost: carbon monoxide poisoning (Wechsler, 1933); also SB and Michael May
Cortical Color Blind Perimetry(Meadows, 1978)
Intensity 1 Intensity 2
Munsell Organization
Munsell Page
Example
Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test
A method for determining color vision abnormalities and testing color discrimination. Provides reliable data which can be applied to many psychological and industrial color vision problems. The set consists of four trays containing a total of 85 removable color reference caps that have incremental hue variation on one side and are numbered on the reverse side. Color vision anomalies and color aptitude are detected by a subject's ability to place the color caps in hue order. The four trays are boxed in a wooden carrying case. Used by government and industry for over 50 years.
Color Blind Farnsworth-Munsell(Meadows, 1974)
Protanope
Deuteranope
Tritanope
(a) Cone loss (b) Cortical color blind (errors/2)
LiLi FuFu
Human Ventral
Occipital Cortex, Near
hV4, Responds
Powerfully to Color Signals; Damage Can
Cause A Hemifield Loss
of Color Perception
V3-ventralupper visual field
hV4-hemifield
Ventral Surface Human Brain
Lingual and Fusiform Gyri
(McKeefry and Zeki, 1997)
Upper and Lower Visual
Field Representation (V-Zeki)
Color Anomia(Meadows, 1978)
Infer ParietalLobule
Inferior Parietal Lobule
Classical Cone Specific Center-
Surround Hypothesis
(Hubel and Wiesel, 1966; Calkins and Sterling, 2001)
Anatomy: Midget Cell Surrounds Receive From All Cone Classes
(Calkins and Sterling)
H1 Horizontals receive non-
selective L,M input
Amacrine populations receive non-selective L,M
input
Hypothesis: Midget Cone Inputs Differ With Eccentricity
Central Peripheral
Small Bistratified
(Calkins and Sterling)
Measurements of single unit responses in visual cortex to simple
colored patterns
Let’s talk about action spectra in V4
(Zeki) Inhibitory
Excitatory
Method
Subject: WAP
Visual Sensitivity
and Opposing L-M signals: Eye-Same
Contrast (%)
Eye-Different Condition
Eye-Different
( ,0,0)L (0, ,0)M
Left eye Right eye
Eye-different condition BW WAP
JR SH
V1V2dV2vV3dV3v
PosteriorAnterior
cm
Retinotopic Areas in Human Occipital Lobe
2
-2
FM
RI
sign
al m
odul
atio
n (%
)
Time
FMRI Signal Time Course
• Measure signal contrast needed to obtain criterion signal level• Permits comparison with threshold psychophysics
Criterion
Human V1: fMRI time (L,M) Iso-response Contour
L-cone contrast (%)
M-c
one
cont
rast
0 50
fMRI
Contrast (%)
Subject: WAP
Exchange measurements are a way to begin the exploration of color signals in human cortex
(Zeki, many papers)
Color exchange principles
• Spatial structure is constant
• Achromatic (L+M+S) vs. Achromatic + Color (L-M, S – (L+M))
• Subtractive: differential responses are due to color
Time
Calcarine
Ventral surface
Color exchange ventral signal locations with respect to the visual
areas (A v. A+C)
Color exchange ventral signal locations with respect to the visual
areas (A v. A+C)
Visual area
Fovealconfluence
V1V2V3
V3BV3A
hV4V7
Ventral surface
Calcarine
We are now carrying out human-macaque comparisons using
functional MRI(Wade, Augath, Logothetis, Wandell)
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