solar & atmospheric. june 2005steve elliott, npss 20052 outline neutrinos from the sun the...
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Solar & Atmospheric
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 2
Outline
• Neutrinos from the SunThe neutrinosPast experimentsWhat we know and what we want to learn
• Atmospheric NeutrinosThe neutrinosPast experimentsWhat we know and what we want to learn
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 3
Solar Model Assumptions
• Hydrostatic Equilibrium– radiative & particle pressures balance
gravity
• Energy Transport– photon diffusion in deep interior
• Energy Generation– nuclear fusion
• Isotopic/Elemental Abundances– changes occur only by nuclear reactions– initially agrees with current surface
observations
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 4
The pp fusion reactions
p + e- + p 2H + e
2H + p 3He +
3He + p 4He + e+ +e
3He + 4He 7Be +
7Be + e- 7Li + +e
7Li + p +
3He + 3He 4He + 2p
99.75% 0.25%
85% ~15%
0.02%15.07%
~10-5%
7Be + p 8B +
8B 8Be* + e+ + e
p + p 2H + e+ + e
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 5
The energy spectrum
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 6
MSW at high energies, vacuum at low.
€
β =2 2GFne Eν
δm2
Ratio of oscillation length in matter to vacuum
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 7
Matter and Vacuum
matter
vacuum
About 1 MeVFor the Sun
If β < cos212 ~0.4then the oscillation probability is given by the vacuum averaged result.
he
p-p
h/0
30
51
59
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 8
The Cl Experiment
Ray Davis and his tank of cleaning fluid
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 9
Cl Operations
• 615 tons of C2Cl4 , 814-keV threshold• Homestake Gold Mine• Bubble He gas through to extract Ar• Ar trapped in cold trap.• PC filled with Ar gas (7% methane)• 37Cl is 24% abundant.
€
37Cl ν e ,e( )37 Ar
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 10
The Homestake Mine
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 11
The Cl Apparatus
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 12
Cl Results
2.56 ± 0.16 ± 0.16 SNU
Expect7.5 SNU
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 13
SAGE and Gallex (GNO)
• 71Ga(e,e)71Ge
• 71Ge has 11.4 day half life.
• Expose Ga to neutrinos
• Extract Ge and count via its decay.
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 14
SAGE Operations
1. Add carrier to Ga.2. After about 3-4 weeks, extract
Ge carrier and solar neutrino induced Ge.
3. Synthesize counter gas and fill proportional counter.
4. Count sample for about 6 months.
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 15
Map to SAGE
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 16
Baksan Valley, UG Laboratory
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 17
Reactor Layout
10 reactorsEach can hold 8 tons of GaKept warm so Ga is liquid
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 18
Results - Solar Rate
€
70.8−5.2, −3.2+5.3, +3.7 SNU
Expect128 SNU
Each run saw about 6 signalEvents.
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 19
Gran Sasso
Italy:Not too far from Rome
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 20
GNO Layout
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 21
GALLEX Results
Expected128 SNU
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 22
Kamiokande & SuperK
• Elastic scattering of e- in a large water detector
• Mostly sensitive to e because CC cross section is about 6x higher than NC
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 23
SNO
• ES, CC, and NC
• CC: d(e, pp)e-
– Sensitive only to e
• NC: d(x, np)x
– Sensitive to all x
• NC/CC ratio
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 24
SNO data
Radius of event vertex Angle with Sun
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 25
Event Energy
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 26
NC vs. CC response
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 27
The hierarchy questionN
orm
al
Inve
rted
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 28
The “Dark Side” of solar neutrinos
€
e (t)
ν μ+τ (t)
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟=
cosθ sinθ
−sinθ cosθ
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟ν 1(t)
ν 2 (t)
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
Two “flavors” are involved in solar neutrino oscillations. e and a linear combination of and .
€
P(ν e → ν e ) = 1− sin2 2θ sin2 1.27δm2
ER
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 29
The “Dark Side” of solar neutrinos II
For </4, 1 is mostly e. But for ’ =/2 - /4, 1 is mostly +. Thus, although oscillations in a vacuum cannot distinguish between and ’, matter oscillations can.
€
P(ν e → ν e ) = 1− sin2 2θ sin2 1.27δm2
ER
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
€
sin2 2θm =sin2 2θ
sin2 2θ + (LL0
− cos2θ )2That is cos2 changes sign.
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 30
Solar Neutrino Results
there is no dark side
Early fit to solar neutrino data. Note solution space for tan>1.
Ph
ys.L
ett.
B49
0 (2
000)
125
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 31
The addition of KamLAND
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 32
What’s left to do?• Is our model of neutrino mixing and
oscillation complete, or are there other mechanisms at work?– Without luminosity constraint, pp and 7Be
fluxes poorly known.– With constraint, 7Be is still poorly known.
• Is nuclear fusion the only source of the Sun’s energy and is it steady state?
• What is the correct hierarchial ordering of the neutrino masses?
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 33
Non-Standard transformation possibilities
• Violation of equivalence principle
• Violation of Lorentz principle
• Non universal coupling
• Violation of Lorentz invariance due to CPT violating terms
• Non-standard neutrino interactions
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 34
Future Solar Neutrino Experiments
Experiment Target Reaction Threshold
Borexino ~300 t liq. Scint. ES ~250 keV
KamLAND ~600 t liq scint. ES ~250 keV
LENS 60 t In load in scint
CC
HERON 68 m3 LHe ES ~45 keV
CLEAN 40 t liq. Ne ES ~35 keV
MOON Few t of 100Mo CC 168 keV
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 35
Atmospheric NeutrinosUp vs. Down
atmosphere
Detector
Primary
Cosmic Ray
~20 km
~10000 km
€
+ → + +
↓
→ e+ + ν e + ν μ
€
Expect Rμ / e =ν μ + ν μ
ν e + ν e≈ 2
Meas.Rμ / edata
Rμ / e MC
≈ 0.6 − 0.7
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 36
IMB and Kamiokande• Previous large water Cherenkov detectors• Built to look for proton decay,
atmospheric neutrinos are a significant background: hence lots of study
• Kamiokande was able to lower threshold to see solar neutrinos
• Saw SN1987A, but not pdk• Statistically weak indication of
atmospheric neutrino oscillations• Led to plan for Very Large SuperK
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 37
SuperK
• 1000 m underground
• 50,000 tons of water
• 12,000 pmts
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 38
Results
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 39
Maximal mixing and the future
If sin213 is different than 0, Earth matter effects can resonantly enhance the subdominate transitions depending on the sign of m23
2.
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 40
Future Experiments
Experiment Target Status
SuperK 50 kt water Continue on
SNO 1 kt heavy water
Continue on
MINOS Iron magnetized calorimeter
Operating, but small
INO 30-50kt magnetized tracking calorimeter
proposal
UNO/HyperK Mt class water proposal
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 41
SNO is “small” but deep
June 2005 Steve Elliott, NPSS 2005 42
Resources
• Andrew Hime colloquium
• APS neutrino study on solar and atmospheric neutrinos
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