software design trilogy part i - responsibility driven design for rubyists
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Responsibility Driven Design for
RubyistsAn Outside-In OO Design Approach
Software Design Trilogy – Part I
Prepared and Presented by:Andy Maleh / Software Engineer / Groupon
OutlinePop Quiz
Responsibility Driven Design
Responsibility Based Modeling
GRASP
Consolidated OO Design Process
Exercise
Pop QuizWhat was the first object oriented language?
Simula 67 - developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo
Pop QuizWhat are the key features/traits of Object Oriented Programming?
Data Abstraction
Encapsulation
Messaging
Modularity
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Responsibility Driven Design
Object oriented design technique that came from Rebecca Wirfs-Brock
Reaction to Data-Driven Design’s lack of encapsulation for object data
Focuses on object responsibilities and collaborations
Object interaction follows a client/server model
Responsibility Driven Design
Process1. Identify actions that must be taken to accomplish user goals in a software system
2. Identify responsibilities needed to perform these actions including information sharing responsibilities
3. Identify objects most suitable for responsibilities
4. Identify object collaborations needed to fulfill responsibilities, discovering new objects in the process
5. Iterate
Responsibility Driven Design
ExampleAction: Add new address for user, validating address, and filling in zip code automatically.
Responsibilities:User information storage
Address information storage
Validate address
Retrieve zip code for address
Responsibility Driven Design
ExampleObjects:User (stores user info)
Address (stores address info, validates address)
AddressFactory (creates new address, validates address, fills in zip code)
ZipCodeService (retrieves zip code for address)
Responsibility Based Modeling
Responsibility Driven Design inspired technique by Alistair Cockburn that helps developers start design from the business domain model and use cases
Often begins with higher-level component design and then delves down into object design
Use case scenario steps act as the actions for which responsibilities must be identified (alternatively Given/When/Then scenarios in Rubyland)
Objects can be identified using CRC cards or object interaction diagramming
CRC CardsCRC stands for Class Responsibilities Collaborations
Interactive paper exercise for discovering objects and collaborations
Can be done collaboratively by multiple developers
CRC CardsCRC stands for Class Responsibilities Collaborations
Interactive paper technique for discovering object and collaborations based on identified high level responsibilities
http://www.madsen.us/uop/BSA375/handouts.htm
CRD Cards
http://www.item.ntnu.no/people/personalpages/others/kraemer/phd/background
Object Interaction Diagramming
Documents collaborations needed between objects to accomplish a user goal
Helps developers discover objects and responsibilities
The two most commonly used object interaction diagrams are:
UML 2 Sequence Diagram
UML 2 Communication Diagram
Sequence Diagram
Communication Diagram
GRASPGRASP: General Responsibility Assignment Software Patterns
They help developers figure out how to assign object responsibilities and evaluate design decisions
Contemplated collectively instead of one at a time
Provide the underpinnings for object oriented design
Help explain how design patterns are arrived to
GRASP1. Creator: isolates object creation
responsibilities
2. Information Expert: the object that holds the data performs the modification on the data
3. Controller: orchestrates multiple objects in accomplishing an action
4. Low Coupling: minimize coupling to other objects
5. High Cohesion: increase focus of object responsibilities
GRASP6. Polymorphism: assign responsibilities based on types
to objects of these types
7. Pure Fabrication: fabricate an object to take on a responsibility that needs to be offloaded of another object to improve coupling/cohesion
8. Indirection: decouple two objects by introducing an intermediary to decrease coupling and increase reuse and interchangeability
9. Protected Variations: protect an object from variations of interactions with other objects by substituting the variations with one interaction with a super interface for the other objects and relying on polymorhpism
Consolidated OO Design Process
1. Write functional requirements as use cases
2. Pick one use case and identify use case scenarios (or Given/When/Then)
3. Pick one use case scenario and identify actions
4. For each action, identify responsibilities needed to perform it
Consolidated OO Design Process
5. For each responsibility, identify an object most suitable to fulfill it using GRASP as guidance
6. Review the responsibility assignments done for the picked use case scenario, possibly altering your decisions based on GRASP
7. Repeat until done with all use cases. This is done for one use case at a time and one iteration’s length of requirements at a time in an Agile process (thin slice approach as per Alistair Cockburn)
ExerciseRequirement: Ability to navigate deals
Use Case: Search for deals near my location
Scenario: Given I live in Chicago at 60622
When I sign into the system
And I request a search for deals near my location
And I specify keywords for finding deals
Then I am presented with a collection of deals that match the specified keywords and are ordered by distance in ascending order
Exercise – Responsibilities
1. User lookup
2. User authentication
3. User information (including address)
4. User interaction request handling
5. Presentation of search input form
6. Search Form input handling
Exercise – Responsibilities
6. Searching for deals
7. Ordering of search results
8. Retrieval of deal information
9. Presentation of deal information
Exercise – Objects1. User lookup: UserRepository (High Cohesion)
2. User authentication: AuthenticationService (Pure Fabrication, High Cohesion)
3. User Information: User (Information Expert)
4. User interaction request handling: DealSearchController (Controller)
5. Presentation of search form: SearchInputForm (Information Expert)
6. Search form input handling: DealSearchController (Controller)
Exercise – Objects6. Searching for deals: DealSearchService
(Pure Fabrication, High Cohesion)
7. Ordering of search results: DealSearchService (Pure Fabrication, High Cohesion)
8. Retrieval of deal information: DealRepository (High Cohesion)
9. Presentation of deal information: DealView (Pure Fabrication, High Cohesion, Indirection)
Exercise – Notes• Objects can have methods that
represent responsibilities they do not directly perform, yet delegate to collaboration objects• Example: User has a sign_in method, but
the work is performed behind the scenes with the AuthenticationService
Exercise – Notes on Ruby on Rails
• Repositories and the objects they retrieve live in the same object with ActiveRecord. Think of the repository as the “Ruby class object” and the object it retrieves as the “Ruby class instance object”
• Views are split into a template file (e.g. ERB or HAML) and a presenter object if needed to handle the presentation logic of the view. Rails Helpers often act as presenters though since they already have access to the view data context (Information Expert)
Personal ExerciseCreate CRC Cards for the responsibilities we identified
Diagram the object interaction for the responsibilities we identified (Sequence or Communication)
ReviewPop Quiz
Responsibility Driven Design
Responsibility Based Modeling
GRASP
Consolidated OO Design Process
Exercise
Stay Tuned for More
Stay tuned for more in the Software Design Trilogy:
Part II: Design Patterns for Rubyists – Who Said Dynamic Languages Can't Have Patterns?
Part III: Domain Driven Design in RoR Apps – When Controllers and ActiveRecords Won't Cut It Anymore
Contact InfoAndy Maleh / Software Engineer / Groupon
Blog: http://andymaleh.blogspot.com
Twitter: @AndyMaleh
ReferencesResponsibility Driven Design:http://wirfs-brock.com/PDFs/Responsibility- Driven.pdf
Responsibility Based Modeling: http://alistair.cockburn.us/Responsibility-based+modeling
GRASP: http://www.amazon.com/Applying-UML-Patterns-Introduction-Object-Oriented/dp/0131489062
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