society & economy under the old regime 18 th century ap euro chapter 15
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Society & Economy Under The Old Regime 18th Century
AP Euro Chapter 15
Pre-Revolutionary Europe
Society Prior to 1789
Is referred to the “Ancien regime”, or
“old regime”
Features of Old Regime
1. Aristocrats inherited privileges
2. Urban labor force organized into guilds
3.Rural peasantry subject to taxes
Visible Social Hierarchy
1. Laws dictate what different classes can wear
2. Your rights depend on your social class
3. Not all have to pay taxes 4. Certain activities restricted to upper
class
The Aristocracy…
1. Consist of 1% to 5% of the Population in any given Euro. Country
2. Inherit wealth & Land
3. Ruling Class
The Aristocracy
4. Set the example of manners & conduct
5. Lead “lives of idleness”
6. Have certain privileges
British Nobility
400 elite families Average estate size:
a thousand to 50 thousand acres !!
Own ¼ of arable (good) farming land
British Nobility
Oldest son inherits title & Right
to sit in House of Lords = Political power
British Nobility
Younger Sons Must Choose Profession:
Commerce, Military Officer, Church Office.
Peerage System :Titles of Nobility Amongst Aristocracy
The peerage a collective term for people who possess certain titles of honor. The Titles in The Peerage ( In descending
order): Duke or Duchess
Marquess or Marchioness Earl or Countess
Viscount or Viscountess Baron or Lady
English Game Laws
1671-1831 Exclusive right of
aristocrats to hunt hares, partridges, pheasants, deer etc.
I am a Pheasant, not a Peasant
British Noble Women
"...the greatest challenge faced by
females of the leisured classes was how to be
leisured..." Upper class women
had tutors, learned “womanly
activities” and had lots of free time!
18th Century English Trends: Men
Noble Men wear “Banyan”
“man of the house” outfit
An Asian inspired outfit for staying at home
Noble Hairstyles 18th Century
By 1780’s younger men wore lightly powdered natural hair
1795 English established tax for hair powder
Which caused the demise of the powdered wig/hair
18th Century English Trends: Women
Clothes Reflect: “softness,
prettiness, delicacy” Colors reflect
natural world Decorative elements
18th Century English Trends: Women & Cosmetics
Pieces of leather or fabric applied with adhesive on face to hide imperfections
Lead face powder Rouge made from
plaster of Paris & Carmine
Aristocrats In France
Different From England Nobility acquired through: 1. Birth- inherited 2. office - awarded 3. “letters”- King’s order
French Titles of Nobility
Duke Marquis Comte (Earl) Vicomte (viscount) Baron
French Aristocratic Families & Prestige
how long had a given family been noble (l'ancienneté),
into what other families did it marry (les alliances),
what positions its members achieved and what offices they held (les dignités),
what actions they performed (les illustrations)
French Aristocrats
400,000 nobles Divided Into: “Nobles of the
sword”-military service
“Nobles of the robe”- bureaucracy
Second estate
French Nobility
Hobereaux – provincial nobility
Not as wealthy But “nobles” non -
the less
French Aristocrats
Exempt from taxes Rarely had to pay
vingtieme income tax in full
Hunting & Fishing privileges
French Aristocrats
Known for extravagance in manner , dress, court culture
Remember Versailles?
Peasants & Serfs
Rural Reality
The Importance of Land
Economic basis 18th cent. Europe
Foundation of status & power for nobility
Source of oppression for peasants
Rural Reality
3/4ths of all Europeans live in rural areas
Work the land
Peasants & Serfs: What’s the Difference?
Peasants – are “free” tenants (Western Europe)
Serfs- are not free. More like slaves (Eastern Europe)
French Peasants
Seigneur or Land Lord can:
Require labor from peasants
Charge feudal dues
Russian Serfs
Nobles wealth measured by serfs, not land acreage
Barshchina- 6 day work week
Serfs can be punished
Like slaves
Russian Serf Rebellions
Over 50 in 1762 Pugachev’s Rebellion in Southern
Russia (1773-1775 ) Emelyan Pugachev Promises:Emelyan Pugachev Promises: Serfs land of their own Freedom from landlord Russian govt. crushes rebellion
The Family Economy & The Household
Rural Living Pre-Industrial / Pre- Revolution
The Household…
Basic unit of production
also known as “The Family Economy”
2 models: 1. North Western
Europe 2. Eastern Europe
1. North Western Household
Household consists of the Nuclear Family:
Married couple, children , maybe a servant (younger person, a social equal, works until marriage).
Children live with parents until teen years
1.North Western Household
Neocalism- when child moves away from home
Men marry at 26 Women marry at 23 Considered “late”
marriage
2. Eastern Europe Household
Household consists of Extended Family:
Married couple, children, grandparents etc.
Larger households Younger Parents Idea is to “add” to household, not leave
Family Economy
1. Impossible for ordinary people to support themselves independently
2. Everyone in household works 3. Goods produced for benefit of
household 4. “self contained” unit
Those Who Lived By Themselves…
seen as suspicious! Potential criminals,
or beggars Remember, even
servants lived with a family…
Women and the Family Economy
Marriage regardless of class, an economic necessity!
Number 1 concern: maintaining house Number 2 concern : bearing and rearing
children
Life of Lower Class Women
At age 7, girls considered old enough to help around the house
Once a girl left home, she had to support family, and save up for her dowry
Women & Children
High mortality rates for children – disease
Unsanitary conditions The poor could not afford babies
Foundling Hospitals
Paris, London Homes for
abandoned children “orphans”
Most children illegitimate
Parents could not afford them/gave them up
Abandoned Children
Link between movement of people and an increase in abandoned children
Link between rise of food prices and abandoned children
The Sad Truth…
Only 10 % of abandoned children lived to the age of ten.
The Agricultural Revolution
Changes in the midst…
Developments That Transform
European society & economy
Agricultural Questions 18th Century
1. How do you produce surplus crops?
2. How can you bring down the price of crops?
Agricultural Revolution
Innovations in agriculture led to improvements in agricultural production
And Transformed the
“traditional” family economy
Jethro Tull (1674-1741)
English Developed Seed
Drill Seed drill Allows
seeds to be planted in rows, rather than by casting seeds randomly
Charles “Turnip” Townsend (1674-1738) English; Introduced Crop
Rotation – wheat, turnips, barley, clover
Crop rotation Restores nutrients in soil
Robert Bakewell (1725-1795)
English; Pioneered new
methods of animal breeding
Bred stronger animals
Enclosure System
1. The fencing off of common lands 2. Commercialized agriculture (no
longer a communal ritual)
Improvements in agriculture
1. Impacted the food supply in a positive manner
2. Allow landowners to have a “disposable” income – money left over to purchase manufactured goods, or invest in other business opportunities
Demographic Changes
Europe’s Population Rose 1700 – 100 and 120 million By 1800 – 190 million By 1850 – 260 million Mortality rates declined due to Changes
in food supply
Industrial Revolution
Mid – Late 1700’s
From Domestic System to Industrialization
Industrialization
Second Half of 18th Century
Focus on “Manufactured goods”
1. Led to movement of people
2. Growth of cities 3. Industrialization
Industrial Revolution Begins in Great Britain… Why? 1. Economic Center 2. Print Media : Newspapers, Magazines,
advertising 3. Good roads & waterways to transport
goods 4. Stable banking system 5. Mobile society & Large Population 6. Rich deposits of coal & ore 7. Transformation of Textile Industry
“Domestic” System (“Putting Out System)
1. Peasant home #1 would spin thread at home for extra $.
2. Agent would take finished thread to peasant home #2 . This family would then weave thread into fabric.
Domestic System of Textile Production
Was basic feature of family economy until Mid 18th Century
The demand for cotton textiles grew more rapidly than production,
So … Investors searched for faster ways to
produce fabric & clothing
1. Water Power
1700’s Water Wheels power first machines & factories
Thus, 1st factories had to be built by water source
2.The Flying Shuttle (1730’s)
Invented by: John Kay
Allowed weavers to work fast
Problem: they outpaced spinners
3.The Spinning Jenny (1764)
Invented by : James Hargreaves
Spun many threads at the same time (16 originally)
4. Water Frame (1769)
Invented By: Richard Arkwright
Used water power to speed up spinning
5. The Steam Engine
1. Thomas Newcomen’s original invention 1712 – large, inefficient
Used to pump water out of coal mines
5. The Steam Engine
2. James Watt’s Modified Version 1769 – revolutionized industry
Use of steam engine spread slowly until 1800’s
6. Power Loom (1780’s)
Invented by: Edmund Cartwright
Did not gain importance until 1830’s!
By then, more power loom weavers than hand loom weavers
Growth of Cities
Population Growth between 1500-1800
However, less than 20% of population lived in cities
(in France, and in Great Britain)
Growth of Capitals & Ports (1600-1750)
1. Growth of Ports – a reflection of expansion of overseas trade
2. Growth of Capitals – a reflection of the success of monarchical state
New Cities Emerge, Small Cities Grow (mid 18th cent)
1. Innovations in agriculture – improved crop production led to growth of market towns
2. Factories Near Water – towns “grew” around factory as People moved.
Social Divisions
differences between rich & poor Nobles : Attempt to secure & expand
privileges. Live “beautiful” lives Poverty: found in both cities, &
countryside. Live “filthy” lives. Lower classes have no rights, no chance at social mobility.
The Middle Class or “Bourgeoisie”
Urban residents Merchants, trades people, bankers,
Lawyers, Professionals Grow wealthier and wealthier Want political power and Social Prestige
Inequality of the Social Classes Leads us to…
The French Revolution 1789-1800To be continued…
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