social network analysis: applications for education research

Social Network Analysis: applications for education

research

Dr Chris Downey and Dr Christian Bokhove Southampton Education School Seminar Series

16th March 2017

The first 33 slides make up the main talk. The rest of the slides provide details for each of the four projects. Slide 33 functions as a ‘table of contents.

2

Contents• What is Social Network Analysis?• Multilevel nature• At the classroom level

– Dynamic SNA of classroom interactions– Peer-status measures for social and learning

relationships • At the institutional/system level

– Support networks of trainee teachers– Teacher knowledge and resource exchange

networks

Social Network Analysis• Social network analysis (SNA) looks at social

relationships in terms of network theory, consisting of nodes, representing actors within the network, and ties (or edges) which represent relationships between the actors.

HistoryOriginally the concept of ‘social networks’ has been studied since the early 20th century to explore relationships between members of social systems. In more recent years, social network analysis has found applications in various academic disciplines, as well as practical applications such as countering money laundering and terrorism.

Growth of Social Network Publications

Freeman (2004)Freeman (2004) reviewed the development of SNA from its earliest beginnings until the late 1990s. He characterizes SNA as involving four things

I. the intuition that links among social actors are important;

II. it is based on the collection and analysis of data that record social relations that link actors;

III. it draws heavily on graphic imagery to reveal and display the patterning of those links, and

IV. it develops mathematical and computational models to describe and explain those patterns.

Fictional exampleThe application of SNA to classroom interaction is demonstrated by the fictional network in figure 1 of one teacher T01, and seven students S01 to S07, six nodes in total. The nodes can have attributes, for example gender, which is indicated by a colour (blue=female, pink=male).

Gephi• Show gephi with this file

Project 1Dynamic SNA of classroom

interactions

Dr Christian BokhoveSouthampton Education School

Classroom observation• Review classroom dialogue Howe and Abedin (2014)

– Quantitative vs Qualitative• TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science

Study) video study (Hiebert et al., 1999) – Video observations– National patterns of teaching (Givvin, Hiebert, Jacobs,

Hollingsworth, & Gallimore, 2005)• Lesson signatures

13

SNA for classroom interaction• Case to use SNA for

classroom interaction• Making it dynamic

– Classroom interaction (Moody, McFarland, & Bender-deMoll, 2005)

• Technological and methodological advances– Observation apps– Video recording easier– Statistical techniques and packages to capture temporal

aspects like Gephi, ERGMs, Rsiena, Statnet, Relevent

This project• Use dynamic social network analysis to describe

classroom interaction• Data analysis and visualization software

– Gephi 0.8.2 beta– R and Rstudio with the packages statnet

(Handcock, Hunter, Butts, Goodreau, & Morris, 2008) and ndtv (Bender-deMoll, 2014)

Observation apps

There also is a video available

17

Project 2Peer-status measures for

social and learning relationships Dr Chris Downey, Prof Daniel Muijs, Annie BrookmanSouthampton Education School

EU Daphne III ProjectTurning Obstacles into Opportunities – Early Interventions for

Developing Children's Bully Proofing Abilities

19

Peer statusEstablishes peer networks in a class (Coie and

Dodge, 1982)• Children make positive (‘Most Liked’) and negative

(‘Least Liked’) peer nominations of each of their peers in the class.– Which children do you most like to play with in

your class?– Which children do you find it hardest to play

with in your class?• Children nominate up to 3 children in each

category but need not nominate at all• Results are processed using some statistical

analysis and can be used to produce a social map of the class known as a ‘sociogram’

• http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/robinb/socio.html

20

Peer-nomination formName: ________________________ School:_______________________

People you like to play with 1.2.3.

People you find it hard to play with 1.2.3.

People you think you work well with 1.2.3.

People you find it hard to work with 1.2.3.

Step into the matrix…  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 291 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 2 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 3 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 4 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 5 6 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 7 8 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 9 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 10 1 -1 -1 1 1 -111 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 12 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 13 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 14 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 15 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 16 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 17 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 18 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 19 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 20 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 21 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 22 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 23 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 24 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 25 26 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 27 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 28 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 29 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 30 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 31

ML 2 1 1 3 0 3 0 9 4 6 1 3 2 2 0 9 6 4 5 2 3 2 4 1 0 1 5 2 0LL 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 3 1 2 1 1 9 9 4 5 3 2 4 3 6 2 4 1 0 3 2 5 1

21

22

Keypopular (hi+,lo-)controversial (hi+, hi-)rejected (lo+, hi-)neglected (lo+, lo-)average

Social networks

Project 3Support networks of

trainee teachers

Dr Christian Bokhove and Dr Chris DowneySouthampton Education School

Context• Teacher training in UK• PGCE

– Provider Led (PL)– School Direct (SD)– NQT

• Secondary Maths and Science– cohort size (~35)– Uni context– longevity of course

Data collection

  Network Related factorsPeer(whole)

External(ego)

Trust Network intent

Support views

Self-efficacy

1 2 3 4

Maths (Wave 3 Example 25)

Conclusions• Views on support (SUPPORT), network

intentionality (NETWORK) and peer trust (TRUST) were quite trait-like and did not change much.

• Self-perceived self-efficacy (DEVELOPMENT) increased significantly over the four waves.

• Trainees did not develop significantly less or external ties, but they did lose internal ties and subsequently an increased EI-index . These changes, however, did only set in after wave 2.

Project 4Teacher knowledge and

resource exchange networks in schools

Dr Chris DowneySouthampton Education School

29

Background

Case studies of two schools. • judged to be outstanding by Ofsted• also Lead Schools in a Teaching School

Alliance

Cross sectional survey of all teaching staff.Collected bounded whole networks of teaching staff.During the last month, with who have you …• exchanged teaching resources?• developed your own teaching and learning?• exchanged data about your students?• evaluated the data about your students?

30

Primary school – teaching resource exchange

Where’s Waldo?

31

DHT – “You think of something like MFL. They are physically contained in one area, one corner of a rectangle of our school and also, by the nature of accessing their course...”

AHT - “It’s also about other roles those people have as well.

Secondary school – teaching resource exchange

32HT – “You’re Mr Data really.”

AHT – “Too much dependency on one person”

Secondary school – data collaboration

What now?• Demo Gephi – software for SNA• More details on one of the projects?

– Dynamic SNA of classroom interactions– Peer-status measures for social and learning rel

ationships

– Support networks of trainee teachers– Teacher knowledge and resource exchange netw

orks

33

Exploring classroom interaction with dynamic social network analysis

Dr. Christian BokhoveUniversity of Southampton

SUNBELT XXXV26th June 2015

Rationale• Dynamic model (Creemers & Kyriakides, 2008)

– Multilevel: students in classrooms in schools– Classroom interaction

• Social networks– Actors and interactions– Multidisciplinary (Freeman, 2004)

Classroom observation• Review classroom dialogue Howe and Abedin (2014)

– Quantitative vs Qualitative• TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science

Study) video study (Hiebert et al., 1999) – Video observations– National patterns of teaching (Givvin, Hiebert, Jacobs,

Hollingsworth, & Gallimore, 2005)• Lesson signatures

36

SNA for classroom interaction• Case to use SNA for

classroom interaction• Making it dynamic

– Classroom interaction (Moody, McFarland, & Bender-deMoll, 2005)

• Technological and methodological advances– Observation apps– Video recording easier– Statistical techniques and packages to capture temporal

aspects like Gephi, ERGMs, Rsiena, Statnet, Relevent

This project• Use dynamic social network analysis to describe

classroom interaction• Data analysis and visualization software

– Gephi 0.8.2 beta– R and Rstudio with the packages statnet

(Handcock, Hunter, Butts, Goodreau, & Morris, 2008) and ndtv (Bender-deMoll, 2014)

Observation apps

There also is a video available

Data analyses• Three data analyses approaches

– A: transcripts of TIMSS used ‘as is’ because low effort with existing transcripts Gephi

– B: TIMSS videos re-observed to get more detail Gephi, Rstudio (statnet and ndtv)

– C: Five observation of maths lessons in a secondary school in the south of the United Kingdom Using Lesson App, Gephi (incl. animations)

Data preparation

41

Two TIMSS lessons: US1 and HK1• US1

– USA 8th grade– Maths: graphing linear equations– 44m, 36 students, mainly self work and private

interaction• HK1

– Hong Kong SAR 8th grade– Maths: square numbers and roots– 34m, 40 students, whole class first then exercises

42

Results – analysis B

HK1 US1

Nodes 44 35

Edges 51 95

Average degree 1.159 2.714

Average weighted degree 3.273 21.4129Duration of interaction

Analysis (US1 only) - ndtv

Results – analysis C  Lesson R1 Lesson R4

Topic Proportions Area of triangles

Year Year 10 Year 7

Visualisation

Nodes (*) 16 25

Edges (**) 33 75

Degree The size of the nodes indicates the total degree

Average

degree2.062 3.0

Av.clust.coeff. 0.334 0.322

Modularity The colours of the nodes denote to which sub-group

nodes belong.

45

46

Metrics over time

47

What might it tell us?• Teacher student interaction

– Whole class, directionality• Student interactions

– Groups and cliques• Individual behaviour

– Help seeking– Disturbances– Central students

• Perhaps, patterns over classes, schools, countries (analogue TIMSS video study)

Conclusions and discussion• Proof of concept to capture classroom interaction technology useful• SNA methods• Longitudinal and temporal data can be modelled• Challenges and limitations

– Quality of data (protocols)– Capturing (all) interactions (and whole class?)– Nature of the interactions– Logistics and ethical with regard to video– Complex character of analysis methods– Interpretation

Future workUse more advanced models

Mainly in R• Temporal ERGM• Rsiena• R packages relevent (Butts, 2015) and observR (Marcum & Butts,

2015)

Aggregate data (multilevel modelling)• Multiple lessons into a teacher or class profile• Multiple classes/teachers into a school• Multiple schools into countries

50

Question• This was an example on classroom interaction. Can

you think of other examples in education. What do the nodes denote? What do the ties denote?

Peer-status measures for social and learning

relationships Dr Chris Downey, Prof Daniel Muijs, Annie Brookman

Southampton Education SchoolEU Daphne III Project

Turning Obstacles into Opportunities – Early Interventions for Developing Children's Bully Proofing Abilities

53

Data from teachers

Child Behaviour Scale (Ladd & Profilet, 1996) • a measure of children’s aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors consisiting of 17 statements

• teachers respond with 1 = doesn’t apply, 2 = applies sometimes, 3 = certainly applies

• two scales: (i) aggressive with peers and (ii) prosocial with peers

54

Data from teachersExample statements:• Tends to react to classmates’ distress by teasing them or making things worse

• Seems concerned when classmates are distressed

• Taunts and teases classmates• Threatens classmates• Is kind toward classmates• Listens to classmates• Compromises in conflicts with classmates

55

Peer statusEstablishes peer networks in a class (Coie and

Dodge, 1982)• Children make positive (‘Most Liked’) and negative

(‘Least Liked’) peer nominations of each of their peers in the class.– Which children do you most like to play with in

your class?– Which children do you find it hardest to play

with in your class?• Children nominate up to 3 children in each

category but need not nominate at all• Results are processed using some statistical

analysis and can be used to produce a social map of the class known as a ‘sociogram’

• http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/robinb/socio.html

56Source: Ofsted (2007)

57

Peer-nomination formName: ________________________ School:_______________________

People you like to play with 1.2.3.

People you find it hard to play with 1.2.3.

People you think you work well with 1.2.3.

People you find it hard to work with 1.2.3.

Step into the matrix…  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 291 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 2 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 3 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 4 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 5 6 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 7 8 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 9 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 10 1 -1 -1 1 1 -111 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 12 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 13 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 14 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 15 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 16 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 17 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 18 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 19 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 20 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 21 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 22 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 23 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 24 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 25 26 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 27 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 28 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 29 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 30 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 31

ML 2 1 1 3 0 3 0 9 4 6 1 3 2 2 0 9 6 4 5 2 3 2 4 1 0 1 5 2 0LL 4 2 3 1 0 0 0 3 1 2 1 1 9 9 4 5 3 2 4 3 6 2 4 1 0 3 2 5 1

58

59

Keypopular (hi+,lo-)controversial (hi+, hi-)rejected (lo+, hi-)neglected (lo+, lo-)average

Social networks

60

Learning networks

61

Interpreting sociograms

‘Least Liked’ score

‘Most Liked’ score

Peer-status scores

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20ML 4 3 2 3 1 2 3 10 3 6 5 3 1 1 1 4 5 7 0 7LL 1 3 5 0 5 1 2 1 3 0 1 1 5 10 4 8 2 4 0 2

zML 0.433253 0.013976 -0.4053 0.013976 -0.82458 -0.4053 0.013976 2.948914 0.013976 1.271806 0.85253 0.013976 -0.82458 -0.82458 -0.82458 0.433253 0.85253 1.691083 -1.24385 1.691083zLL -0.82605 0 0.826047 -1.23907 0.826047 -0.82605 -0.41302 -0.82605 0 -1.23907 -0.82605 -0.82605 0.826047 2.891163 0.413023 2.065116 -0.41302 0.413023 -1.23907 -0.41302SOCPREF 1.259299 0.013976 -1.23135 1.253046 -1.65062 0.420746 0.426999 3.774961 0.013976 2.510876 1.678576 0.840022 -1.65062 -3.71574 -1.2376 -1.63186 1.265553 1.27806 -0.00478 2.104107SOCIMP -0.39279 0.013976 0.420746 -1.22509 0.001469 -1.23135 -0.39905 2.122867 0.013976 0.032737 0.026483 -0.81207 0.001469 2.066585 -0.41155 2.498369 0.439506 2.104107 -2.48292 1.27806zSOCPREF 0.783217 0.008692 -0.76583 0.779327 -1.0266 0.261681 0.265571 2.347823 0.008692 1.561631 1.043985 0.522449 -1.0266 -2.31099 -0.76972 -1.01493 0.787106 0.794885 -0.00298 1.308642zSOCIMP -0.33023 0.01175 0.35373 -1.02996 0.001235 -1.03522 -0.33549 1.784741 0.01175 0.027522 0.022265 -0.68273 0.001235 1.737423 -0.346 2.100433 0.369503 1.768968 -2.08745 1.074493StudyID 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75zML>0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1zML<0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0zLL>0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0zLL<0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

zSOCPREF>1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1zSOCPREF<-1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0zSOCIMP>1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1zSOCIMP<-1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Popular 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Rejected 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Controversial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0Neglected 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

62

63

Friendship network

64

Learning network

65

References• Coie, J.D. and Dodge, K.A. (1982) Continuities and Changes in

Children's Social Status: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29(3), 261-282.

• Ofsted (2007) Developing social, emotional and behavioural skills in secondary schools: A five term longitudinal evaluation of the Secondary National Strategy pilot, (London, Office for Standards in Education).

Mapping Changes in Support: A Longitudinal Analysis of Networks

of Preservice Mathematics and Science Teachers

Christopher DowneyChristian Bokhove

Social Side of Teacher Education SymposiumAERA Annual Meeting – Washington, DC 8-12 April 2016

Context• Teacher training in UK• PGCE

– Provider Led (PL)– School Direct (SD)– NQT

• Secondary Maths and Science– cohort size (~35)– Uni context– longevity of course

Role of networksLiou, Forbes, Hsiao, Moolenaar & Daly (2013)•Pre-service elementary school teachers - mathematics

– Trust and self‐efficacy are positively associated with pre‐service teacher’s outcome performance on a mathematics teaching assessment.

– The social network position of a pre‐service teacher is also related to performance.

•Importance of support relationships as a buffer/resilience in a pressured environment

Liou, Y. , Forbes, C. A., Hsuao, J. , Moolenaar, N. and Daly, A. J. , (2013) "Investing in Potential: Exploring Preservice Teachers’ Social Capital and Outcomes" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the UCEA Annual Convention, Hyatt Regency, Indianapolis, IN Online <PDF>. 2014-12-10 from http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p674423_index.html

Data• General

– Basic demographic (sex, age)– Programme of Study (subject, mode)

• Related factors– Peer trust– Self perception of development as teachers– Views on support– Network intentionality

• Peer-network (bounded whole networks for Ma & Sci)• Wider network (external actors from different categories)

Approach• Longitudinal - 4 ‘waves’ of data collection (every 2

months)– PL and SD differences in programme structure

• Directed network question: “During the last month, to whom have you turned for support?”

• Both instrumental and affective aspects of support • Online questionnaire instrument

– shared instruments (San Diego & Barcelona)

Research questionRQ1: Are certain network characteristics (such as network homophily, network intentionality, peer trust and views on support) significantly associated with the growth in perceived self-efficacy of these pre-service teachers?

RQ2: How do the support networks of trainee teachers vary between Provider Led (PL) and School Direct (SD) programmes?

General• Gender• Age• Subject• Providerled or Schooldirect

Network intentionality• 22 questions• 5 point Likert scale • Example question

– I attempt to connect to people who are prominent or central in the course/at school

– I periodically evaluate the nature of my connections and networks within the course/at school

Ego network metrics•  

Data collection

  Network Related factorsPeer(whole)

External(ego)

Trust Network intent

Support views

Self-efficacy

1 2 3 4

Response Rates

Subject 1 2 3 4Maths (37)

35 28 29 29

95% 81% 94% 90%Science (40)

38 33 32 31

95% 83% 86% 83%Total 73 61 61 60

77

Wave 1 2 3 4M StD M StD M StD M StD

Age category 2.05 1.57 1.80 1.18 1.90 1.19 1.87 1.19Gender 0.49 0.50 0.49 0.50 0.54 0.50 0.55 0.50Subject 0.52 0.50 0.54 0.50 0.52 0.50 0.52 0.50Program 0.29 0.46 0.21 0.41 0.25 0.43 0.23 0.43SUPPORT     4.77 0.45 4.68 0.39 4.66 0.45NETWORK     3.39 0.34 3.46 0.36 3.43 0.33DEVELOPMENT 4.87 1.48 5.74 1.05 6.48 0.79 6.84 0.87

TRUST 6.69 1.61     7.13 1.54 7.19 1.85E 5.42 3.65 6.00 3.74 5.90 3.73 5.40 3.42I 10.86 7.09 11.28 7.46 7.59 5.36 5.33 4.65EI-index -0.25 0.46 -0.24 0.41 -0.05 0.44 0.08 0.49

Observations repeated ANOVA• TRUST, NETWORK, SUPPORT constant• DEVELOPMENT increased: F(1.900, 77.925) =

21.032, p<0.001 • E not significantly different over waves: F(2.351,

119.884)=.908, p=.419• I and EI were different over waves but not from

wave 1 to wave 2: F(2.521, 128.578)=22.238, p<.001 and F(2.389, 119.467)=17.589, p<.001

78

Maths (Wave 3 Example 25)

80

81

RegressionB SE B β

Step 1  1 (Constant) 2.574 1.361    

SUPPORT .750 .252 .392 **NETWORK .126 .382 .047  TRUST .045 .063 .095  

Step 2  2 (Constant) 2.202 1.314    

SUPPORT .768 .243 .402 **NETWORK .198 .364 .074  TRUST .019 .062 .040  NETWORKGAIN -.038 .014 -.347 *EIGAIN -.030 .222 -.018  

82

Conclusions• Views on support (SUPPORT), network

intentionality (NETWORK) and peer trust (TRUST) were quite trait-like and did not change much.

• Self-perceived self-efficacy (DEVELOPMENT) increased significantly over the four waves.

• Trainees did not develop significantly less or external ties, but they did lose internal ties and subsequently an increased EI-index . These changes, however, did only set in after wave 2.

Differences PL and SD• Self-perceived efficacy as represented by

DEVELOPMENT between the two groups SD and PL differed: SD starts out higher, but PL increases more from wave 1 to 4.

• <add some more points from last page paper>

84

Selected references Bender-deMoll, S. 2014. ndtv: Network Dynamic Temporal Visualizations. R package version 0.5.1. [Software]. Available from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ndtv

Butts, C.T. (2015). relevent: Relational Event Models. R package version 1.0-4, URL http:

//CRAN.R-project.org/package=relevent.

Creemers, B. P. M., & Kyriakides, L. (2008). The dynamics of educational effectiveness: A contribution to policy, practice and theory in contemporary schools. London: Routledge

Freeman, L. (2004). The development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science. Empirical Press.

Gephi Consortium. (2014). Gephi (Version 0.8.2 beta) [Software]. Available from https://gephi.github.io/

Givvin, K.B., Hiebert, J., Jacobs, J.K., Hollingsworth, H., & Gallimore, R. (2005). Are there national patterns of teaching? Evidence from the TIMSS 1999 Video Study. Comparative Education Review, 49(3), 311-343.

Handcock, M.S., D. Hunter, C. Butts, S. Goodreau, P. Krivitsky, S. Bender-deMoll, and M. Morris. 2014. Statnet: Software Tools for the Statistical Analysis of Network Data. The Statnet Project. http://www.statnet.org. R package version 2014.2.0.

Hiebert, J., Gallimore, R., Garnier, H., Givvin, K. B., Hollingsworth, H., Jacobs, J., Chui, A. M., Wearne, D., Smith, M., Kersting, N., Manaster, A., Tseng, E., Etterbeek, W., Manaster, C., Gonzales, P., & Stigler, J.  (2003).   Teaching Mathematics in Seven Countries: Results from the TIMSS 1999 Video Study, NCES (2003-013), U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

Howe, C., & Abedin, M. (2013). Classroom dialogue: A systematic review across four decades of research, Cambridge Journal of Education, 43(3), 325-356.

Marcum, C.S., & Butts, C.T. (2015). Constructing and Modifying Sequence Statistics for relevent Using informR in R. Journal of Statistical Software, 64(5).

Moody, J., McFarland, D.A., & Bender-deMoll, S. (2005). Dynamic network visualization: Methods for meaning with longitudinal network movies. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 1206-1241.

Utilising social network approaches to determine

the roles of teachers within key resource-sharing

networks in schools

Dr Chris Downey Associate Professor in EducationSouthampton Education School

ICSEI 2016 Glasgow 8th July 2016

87

Background

Case studies of two schools. • judged to be outstanding by Ofsted• also Lead Schools in a Teaching School

Alliance

Cross sectional survey of all teaching staff.Collected bounded whole networks of teaching staff.During the last month, with who have you …• exchanged teaching resources?• developed your own teaching and learning?• exchanged data about your students?• evaluated the data about your students?

88

Network graphs - key

• each square/shape is a teacher

• Each nomination is represented by an arrow (tie)

• A reciprocated nomination is represented by a double-headed arrow

• The size of each square indicates how sought after the teacher is for the resource in question (in-degree).

All classroom teachers and leaders in each school were asked to nominate those colleagues with whom they had engaged over the previous month in four areas of practice; two related to learning and teaching and two related to data use.

89

Primary school – teaching resource exchange

Where’s Waldo?

90

Primary school – data exchange

91

Primary school – learning & teaching collaboration

92

Primary school – learning & teaching collaboration

“Someone told me it was because I am approachable. I think it’s also because I’m a classroom teacher”

Why do people come to you?

“I was an Advanced Skills Teacher and now I’m a Specialist Leader of Education. Next year I will be given a role out of the classroom. I go to visit other schools and when I see new ideas I bring them back here and share them.

“Sometimes I come back and kiss the ground and realise how grateful I am to be working in a school like this.”

Av deg 4.6 Andy – outdegree 8 (3rd); indegree 10(1st =); betweeness 2nd

P4C - “That’s how it works. You find something and research it and 9 times out of 10 she will say yes”

“I have asked for two half days to keep me grounded in the classroom”

How will that work in the new role?

93

Primary school – data collaboration

“There are two key people I go to, and we all go to, in making sense of the data”

“They are the people that have the know-how to make sense of the data”

“Even in this school we have our core people who are familiar with the data and after that it falls off”

94

Primary school – Learning & Teaching collaboration

95

DHT – “You think of something like MFL. They are physically contained in one area, one corner of a rectangle of our school and also, by the nature of accessing their course...”

AHT - “It’s also about other roles those people have as well.

Secondary school – teaching resource exchange

96

DHT - “The large red block, blue block and the grey block we would hope are people one our T&L steering group…That’s what we would want it to be”

Secondary school – teaching resource exchange

97

AHT – “We’d expect [teachers A, B & C] to be there. Someone like [teacher D] would be increasingly in the middle], more over last year.” DHT - “ And also [teacher E]

Secondary school – learning & teaching collaboration

98

HT–“Now that is really encouraging... Very encouraging. That has been totally intentional. DHT–“The Lead Teacher idea started… because we wanted to spread good practice more widely than by just having ASTs. We grew them didn’t we?”HT–“They were identified and promoted through as lead professionals.”

AHT-“These are people who we have identified as exemplary teachers that also have a certain skill.”Someone like myself would be well recognised as very, very good teachers but don’t necessarily have that transferable skill…They have trainability. They provide good quality training resources. They are also very accessible by the nature of the people they are and we have grown them because they are the people who we would hope would act as hubs.”

Secondary school – learning & teaching collaboration

99

AHT – “This doesn’t surprise me… [science have] an internal data system they put out there. ‘We have our own system, we set up our [data type] in a certain way’. This makes sense to me. Maths share their own data, ‘Because our data doesn’t make sense to other people’.

Secondary school – data exchange

100

AHT – “The fact that this cluster sits together it kind of aligns well with that doesn’t it? I’ve been in a 2.5 hour meeting where we’ve discussed 20 odd kids moving in the literacy groups poring through assessments and sheets.” “We’ve made an ueber faculty in a very loose sense. They’ve become cousins in a funny old way. We’ve almost forced a link with English.”

Secondary school – data exchange

101

AHT – “I don’t think they should interplay for a funny old reason, but most people who are slightly detached from teaching and learning think they should interplay.“That pedagogical discussion, why does it need to have any form of data as a basis to it? Is it an art or a science, and it’s an art really isn't it? You kind of feel your way around pedagogy don’t you? ...The data signposts something.”

“If you look at our more able groups, we’ve never discussed the data of children once, and I think that’s a healthy thing… The networks should relate but I wouldn’t want to see them overlap.”

Secondary school – data collaboration

102HT – “You’re Mr Data really.”

AHT – “Too much dependency on one person”

Secondary school – data collaboration

103

Secondary school – learning & teaching collaboration

AHT – “The red that that is English is right in the centre of the diagram. So pedagogically speaking that’s a hub in itself. We set up literacy as a key dimension here. This suggests that our literacy programme is at the centre of all that we do. That’s why we get interplay between these other subjects…If you had done this 3 years ago they would actually have been separate hubs…A couple of years ago you would probably have seen 6 or 7 people interplaying…This is the extraordinary bit for me. It looks to me like an intended consequence of something we chose to do”HT – “For me the point is we set out to do something and it looks as though we might be achieving it to some degree… I really am encouraged through…I was always taught that structure follows strategy. That’s why we are where we are”Me - “This is your staff telling you what the structure for teaching and learning is in your school. If it matches your intention I think that’s really quite something.” 104

Global thoughts on networks…

Split site school - L&T collaboration

105

Split site school - data sense-making

106

Split site school - data sense-making Betweeenness

107

Data sense-making– all levels of impact

108

Data sense-making–impact >1

109

Data sense-making–impact >2

110

Data sense-making–impact >3

111

Data sense-making–impact >4

112