social-cognitive approach personality is acquired through learning and then is displayed in...
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Social-Cognitive Approach
• Personality is acquired through learning and then is displayed in particular situations
• Emphasis placed on:• how thoughts and expectations guide our
interactions• social situations
Big Names
• Bandura• Bobo Doll and Vicarious Social Learning
• Mischel• Agency
How Different From Skinner?
• Cognitive Focus: Emphasis on memory of past reinforcements and expectations about the consequences of actions.
• Social-Interpersonal Focus—How particular situations guide action, and the most important situational variable is other people.
• Humans as Agents of Change--Choice from a number of possible behaviors. The environment does not only influence the person--the person also influences the environment.
Rotter’s Expectancy Theory
• Learning creates cognitive expectancies
• Behavior determined by:• what the person expects to happen following
a behavior• value on the outcome.
• generalized expectancies (apply across different situations)
Rotter’s Locus of Control
Personal efforts and actions
Fate, luck, or circumstances
Internal External
http://www.psych.uncc.edu/pagoolka/LocusofControl-intro.html
Outcome
Positive Negative
“I did it” “Unlucky Break”
Optimistic Bias
Outcome
Positive Negative
Me
Other
Person
“I did it”
“She got lucky” “She screwed up”
“Unlucky Break”
Self-Serving Bias
Bandura and Agency
• Viewed people as agents, or originators, of experience
• Human agency is the ability to act and make things happen
• Agency entails• Intentionality• Forethought• Self-reflective
Self-Efficacy
• A central mechanism of personal agency and self-regulation
• Refers to belief that we can successfully perform behaviors that will produce desired effects
• Plays a central role in governing our thoughts, motivations, and actions
• Arises from past accomplishments and changes over the course of our lives
Self-Efficacy
• Learned Chance of Success
“I think I can”
Vicarious Learning Gone Wrong
• Frequent exposure to aggression and violence in the media encourages people to behave aggressively
• Moral disengagement permits individuals and institutions to perpetuate and encourage violence and inhuman activities while justifying their behavior
• Bo-Bo Doll Experiments
Psychotherapy
• Modeling as an aid of changing behaviors
• Therapeutic strategies designed to help patients improve their perception over their own effectiveness through guided mastery experiences
• Encourages the use of contemporary technologies to modify behavior
ReciprocalDeterminism
Walter Mischel
• personal dispositions are situation specific
• personal dispositions encourage behaviors that alter situations that, in turn, promote other behaviors
• people choose situations that are in tune with their personal dispositions
• personal dispositions are more important in some situations but not others
Social-Cognitive Approach
• Positives:• based on solid foundation (learning/cognition)• treatment procedures
• Negatives:• no role for unconscious thoughts and feelings• doesn’t capture the complexities, richness,
and uniqueness of human personality• sometimes “I think I can is not enough”
The Humanist Approach
• motivated by an innate drive toward growth
• people are naturally good, creative, loving, and joyful
• to explain actions, we must understand a person’s “perceptions of themselves”• “phenomenological approach.”
Rogers’s Self-Theory
• we need the positive regard of others (unconditional positive regard)
• our behavior is directed at self-actualizing
• others’ evaluations affect personality if they question person’s worth (conditions of worth)• “Johnny is a bad boy” vs. “Hitting is not nice”
Rogers’s Self Theory
Carl Rogers
• Client-centered therapy• focus on thoughts,
abilities, cleverness of client
• not focused on insights of therapist
• therapist as a sounding board for client’s thoughts
Evaluation of theHumanistic Approach
• Positives• therapeutic alliance
• Negatives• too naïve, romantic, and unrealistic• too simple
• do all problems stem from blocked self-actualization?
• too vague • too western
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