sneha. g.gondane
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Classifier Feature Extraction Techniques for Face
Recognition System under Variable Illumination
Conditions
Sneha G Gondane1, Dhivya M*1 PG Student (sneha_cie@yahoo.com), *2 Research Scholar (dhivya.erts@gmail.com)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore-641047
Tamilnadu
Abstract. Recognition of object under uncontrolled illumination environment is
imprecise and vague. A simple image preprocessing chain is taken for precept.
Local binary pattern (LBP) is capable of reducing noise levels in background
regions. Local ternary patterns (LTP) fragmenting less under noise in uniform
regions. Gabor filter acts as a resounding filtering source for local spatial
frequencies. Phase congruency is to extract the image in phase as well as in
magnitude levels. The result is obtained by the KLDA based classifiers with
combination of LBP and Gabor features. The above explained features are
obtained from both the input and the data base image. In that the LBP andGabor features are fused and the distance is calculated. If both the input and
database images are same, the face is recognized; otherwise the face is not
recognized. The simulation results exemplify the proposed technique for image
with different lighting, expressions and structural defects.
Keywords: Face recognition, lightning invariance, local binary patterns, local
ternary pattern, phase congruency.
1 Introduction
FACE recognition has created immense opportunity in the field of science and
technology to establish a well set platform among the basic standards in this
technological world. Computer analysis does not recognize various techniques which
can only extract and recognize its features. Face image recognition acquired in its
surrounding environment with changes in lighting or pose remains a largely
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unanswered dilemma. Most of these methods were initially developed with face
images collected under relatively well-controlled conditions. In practice, they have
complexity in dealing with the range of appearance varying from certain approaches
that can commonly occur in unconstrained situation due to illumination levels, pose,
facial expressions, aging of networks and partial occlusions. This paper focuses
mainly on the issue of sturdiness to illumination variations. A face corroboration
system capable of implementing images for a portable device should be able to verify
a client at any time.
2 Existing System
Recognition system models the structural patterns of an imaging process under
difficult lightning conditions. Patterns are being processed in various stages according
to their level of intensity. Specifically three main contributions are described in
previous works. First Efficient preprocessing chain needed before any feature
extraction techniques is widely carried on. Local binary pattern (LBP) improves the
face identification and gabor wavelets which is used to filter the noise levels.
Improve sturdiness by adding Kernel principal component analysis (PCA) feature
extraction during later stages of analysis.The result is obtained by the KPCA basedclassifiers. The above explained features are obtained from both the input and the data
base image. If both the input and database images are exactly same, then the face is
recognized otherwise the face is not recognized. The image with difficult lighting,
same expressions can be identified.
2.1. Existing System Flow Diagram
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Fig. 1. Flowchart of existing system.
2.1.1. Pre processing
Pre processing is an important stage of face detection system. It is better to present
a simple and efficient preprocessing chain which eliminates the structural effects of
illumination while still preserving the necessary details that are needed for
recognition. Preprocessing stage includes: Gamma correction, Difference of Gaussianfiltering, Masking and Contrast Equalization.
Fig. 2. Various stages of preprocessing: input image; Gamma corrected image; image after
DoG filtering; image after contrastnormalization.
2.1.1.1 Gamma Correction
Gamma Correctionimproves the structural formation of arrays which is under
the region of darkness. Shading effects will not undergo any changes during its
illumination stages. Data images are compressed in bright regions and improve the
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quality level of images being processed. Gamma correction transforms the gray
level into object level based on the intensity of light being reflected on the data
images.
2.1.1.2 Difference of Gaussian (DOG) Filtering
DOG will suppress the highest spatial frequencies based on the reduction level
of both aliasing and noise signals. Decaying of the structural images causes
simplification of internal progression of the filtering steps further more. High-pass
filtering removes both useful and source information gathered during the structural
progression. Level of analysis during simplification process will greatly influencethe overall system performance.
2.1.1.3 Masking
Masking is the track of achieving better imaging process in the facial regions
(hair style, beard) that are felt to be unconditional or source variables which are
needed to be masked should be applied at this point. Masking is the optional
process during analysis.
2.1.1.4 Contrast Equalization
The final stage of our preprocessing chain rescales the image intensities to
standardize a robust measure of overall contrast or intensity variation. It is
important to use a global estimator because the signal indication level typically
contains extreme values produced by highlighters, small dark regions such as
nostrils, garbage at the image borders, etc.
2.1.2. Local Binary Patterns
LBP method provides very good results, both in terms of speed as well as
discrimination performance. Because of the way the texture and shape of images is
described, the method seems to be quite robust against face images with different
facial expressions under different lightening conditions, image rotation and aging of
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persons. The middle pixel value is used as a threshold frequency which compares
with the eight neighboring channels of a pixel.
Fig. 3. Illustration of the basic LBP operator.
If a neighbor pixel has a higher gray value than the center pixel, then one is
assigned to that pixel,else it gets a zero.
2.1.3 Gabor Features
Gabor filter suits the certain level of frequencies which allows a particular band
to pass and helps in local spatial frequency distribution. Images are optimally
oriented in each part of the object with equal frequency and spatial domains. Gabor
feature also encodes the face over broader range of scales. The Gabor feature is a
frequency based solution technique under the region of sinusoidal plane wave and
orientation phase.
2.1.4 Kernel Principle Component Analysis
Kernel principal component analysis is a combination of local binary patterns
and Gabor feature through which the distance is calculated. Using a kernel, the
original linear operations of PCA are done by reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space with
a non-linear mapping.
3 Proposed System
Face recognition system has created advance level of technology in the field of
medical science. Everyday new advancement from the previous stages is carried out
for the welfare of the society. When compared to previous works, solution with phase
congruency provides precise and accurate results. Existing system is the base for our
proposed system. Various stages are being carried out based on the existing system.
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Local binary patterns and local ternary patterns are being processed with the Gabor
filters in order to reduce the noise level in unconditional regions. Gabor filter gives an
optimal solution for structural analysis in spatial and frequency domains. Phase
congruency is to extract the images in phase as well as in the magnitude levels. The
kernel linear discriminant analysis is used to extract the feature using combination of
local binary patterns and Gabor features through which distance is calculated .The
input image and data base image compared and face is recognized.
3.1. Flowchart for feature extraction techniques
Fig. 4. Flow chart of feature extraction.
3.1.1 Local Ternary Pattern
Local ternary patterns reduce the illumination effects. In this we itself choose a
threshold value and compare with the neighbor pixels value. If the central value is
greater than neighbor pixel value, then it will show as 1. If the central value is in
between than neighbor pixel value, then it will show as 0. If the central value is lesser
than neighbor pixel value, then it will show as 0.
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Fig. 5. Illustration of the basic LTP operator.
3.1.2 Phase Congruency Features
Gradient-based operators who search for their effective approaches look under themaximum intensity gradient. Intensity gradient will undergo some structural failures
during detection and localize a large proportion of features within images. Phase
congruency is used to identify and analyze the corners and edges from the structural
images. Unlike the edge detectors, which identify the sharp changes from the
database congruency model to detect points of order in the phase spectrum. Phase
component is the most important part of phase congruency rather than its magnitude.
4 Simulation Results and Discussion:
The simulations are carried out in MATLAB (7.11.0.584). A detailed survey and
analysis of previous works is carried out and the simulation parameters are chosen.
The Input Image sequence and the Data base image sequence are listed in figure 6 (a)
and 6(b) respectively. In table 1, the comparison results are given. It is evident that
the proposed technique is less time consuming/time constraint. The classifier
extraction technique requires nearly less than half the time consumed by the previous
work.
Table 1: Comparison
Parameter Existing System Proposed System
Time
Recognition
Techniques
40.2015 sec
The image with difficult lighting,
same expressions can be identified
Local binary patterns, Gobar
16.1929 sec
The image is
recognized with
different lightning,
facial expressions, any
spot or scratches.
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features, kernel principle component
analysis Local ternary
patterns, phase
congruency
Fig. 6 (a). Input images.
Fig. 6 (b). Data base images
Fig. 7. Face Recognition under blurred image.
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Fig. 8. Face Recognition under darker lightning
In Fig 7,the input and data base image is recognize under difficult lightning
conditions when the images are same. In Fig 8, the input and data base image is
recognize when the input image is selected under dark lightning.The input image
passes through various feature extraction tecniques , compare with data base image
and recognize the image.
Fig. 9. Face recognition under different expressions.
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Fig. 10. Face Recognition under structural defects.
Fig 9 In this figure the input and data base image is recognize when the input
image with expressions under difficult illumination is selected. The input image
passes through various feature extraction tecniques , compare with data base image
and recognize the image.Fig 10:In this figure the input and data base image isrecognize when the input image with scratches under difficult illumination is selected.
The input image passes through various feature extraction tecniques , compare with
data base image and recognize the image. Fig 11:In this figure if the input image is
selected which is not present in data base image than after comparing input and data
base image the image will not recognize.
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Fig. 11. Face Recognition out of data base.
5 Conclusion
In this paper a classifier based feature extraction technique is implemented for face
recognition under uncontrolled illumination with different lightning conditions. The
result is obtained by the KLDA based classifiers with combination of LBP and Gaborfeatures. Local ternary patterns reduce noise level since using the own threshold value
makes the feature to extract and recognize the face, precisely. Phase congruency can
map 0 to 360 degrees to 0 to 255 gray values, which help to extract the minute
features and is applicable in phase and time domains. Time consumption is lesser in
proposed method compared to the previous methods. From the simulated image
results the efficacy of the classifier technique is hence shown.
References
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