small-scale water supply and sanitation
Post on 27-Dec-2021
1 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Oliver Schmoll Programme Manager Water and Sanitation
Skopje, TFYR Macedonia 17 june 2015
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Why focusing on small supplies?
• They are many
• Backbone of water supply in rural areas and small towns: – One third of the European
population lives in rural areas – One quarter of the pan-European
population is supplied by small systems
• Need for decentralised solutions for technical, hygiene, and economic reasons Source: WHO and UNICEF 2012
Country Rural Albania 46 Bosnia and Herzegovina 51 Bulgaria 26 Croatia 42 Hungary 30 Montenegro 37 Romania 47 Serbia 43 TFYR Macedonia 41
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
What is a “small” water supply”?
• Size of the supply: – Population served or volume of water
supplied – Typically categorised by regulations
• Organisational set-up: – Community managed – Publicly or municipality managed – Privately owned and operated
• Technical specification: – Centralised vs. non-centralised
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Common features and challenges
• Not regulated or differently regulated
• Limited technical, personal and financial resources
• Relatively higher per unit costs
• Involvement of untrained and part-time staff
• Lack of sense of responsibility
• Inaccurate perception of water-related health risks
• Lack of access to support networks
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Critical pollution risk issues
• Inadequate local sanitation practices
• Poor manure management
• Poor sanitary protection
• Aged or disrupted infrastructures
• High vulnerability to heavy rainfall and thaw
Generally lower compliance in smaller systems
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Surveillance in small communities
• Disease surveillance in small communities: – Largely under-reported – Ad-hoc, response-based vs. systematic
• Limited routine water quality surveillance: – Coverage of many systems in widespread areas – Limited manpower to advise, inspect and control – Limited lab capacities in rural areas – Poor enforcement – One sample per year at best
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Probability rate of microbiological failure
Type of source Groundwater 1.0 Surface water 2.4 Spring 2.3
Treatment Treatment 1.0 No treatment 1.8
Rain on day prior to sample (mm)
0 1.0 1-9 1.3 10-99 1.4 100-999 1.7 1000-9999 2.1
Source: Hunter et al 2008
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Excurse to Georgia: Rapid situation assessment
• Water safety of small scale supplies and associated health outcomes are of priority concern
• Little routine monitoring in rural areas
• Systematic baseline analysis in two exemplary districts in 2011 and 2012
• “Rapid” one-off exercise
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Excurse to Georgia: Summary survey design
Technologies covered in survey
Population covered in survey
Samples/inspections included in survey
Type No. Fraction No. Fraction Location No.
Borehole 26 21 % 39,000 66 % Source 122
Spring 23 18 % 10,837 18 % Storage reservoir 33
Dug well 71 56 % 2,770 5 % Distribution system 79
Unknown 6 5 % 6,910 12 % Household container 26
Total 126 100 % 59,517 100 % Total 260
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Excurse to Georgia: Parameters and sampling Microbial Physico-
chemical Organoleptic
Total coliforms
Escherichia coli
Fecal streptococci
Nitrate (NO3-)
Ammonia (NH4+)
Iron (Fe)
Fluoride (F)
Copper (Cu)
pH
Free chlorine residual
Turbidity
Temperature
Taste and odor
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Excurse to Georgia: Sanitary inspections
• Major sanitary risk factors identified: – Cracks or breaks in
the infrastructure – Old and leaking pipes – Unsanitary conditions
around the source – Latrines / sewers near to source – Animal access to source
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Parameter Dusheti Marneuli
Microbiological
Total coliforms 33 % 27 %
Escherichia coli 40 % 32 %
Faecal streptococci 66 % 79 %
Physico-chemical and organoleptic
NO3, NH4, Fe, Cu, F and turbidity 100 % 100 %
Chlorine residuals 22 % 0 %
TDS 98 % 91 %
Overall compliance
All parameters 26 % 20 %
Excurse to Georgia: Compliance levels
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Excurse to Georgia: Comparative risk analysis for Marneuli
E. coli count (1/100 ml )
Sanitary inspection score
0-2 3-5 6-8 9-10
>100 2 2 1 0
11-100 15 34 8 0
1-10 30 25 9 0
<1 23 32 3 0
Risk level Low Intermediate High Very high
Priority action level
No action required
Low action priority
Higher action priority
Urgent action required
Proportion 13 % 47 % 38 % 3 %
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Excurse to Georgia: Conclusions
• Microbial contamination is significant, chemical contamination is currently not of concern
• Low overall compliance with the national standards
• Disinfection is absent or, where in place, inadequate
• Significant number of sanitary risk factors
• Routine ongoing surveillance is lacking
• Limited public awareness on water hygiene
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Is it worth to improve?
• Positive benefit-cost ratio for reduction of acute diarrhoeal illness likely to be prevented: – Costs of legislation – Investment in improvement
interventions – Direct cost of illness
(e.g. health care) – Indirect cost of illness
(e.g. loss of work and schooling)
Subregion Benefit-cost-ratio (mean value)
Eur-A 2.5
Eur-B 21.3
Eur-C 3.9
Source: Hunter et al 2012
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Increased policy recognition in Europe
• Unites all countries across region
• Explicit programmes and regulations in various countries
• Recognised by European Commission in the 7th Environmental Action Programme: – Systematic data collection exercises
• Thematic priority area under the Protocol on Water and Health: co-lead by Germany, Serbia and NGO WECF
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Needs for improvement /1
• Strengthen national evidence base for informed decision making
• Targeted rapid assessments of drinking-water quality
• Develop guidance for establishing “intelligent” surveillance strategies: – Ongoing drinking-water quality surveillance – Disease surveillance – Local outbreak detection and response approaches
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Needs for improvement /2
• Create enabling environment: – Resource centers – Ongoing capacity building – Access to easy-to-understand guidance – Partnership arrangements
• Scale-up WHO Water Safety Plan approach: – Viable and applicable in small supplies – Develop “demonstration” projects
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Protocol on Water and Health The Oslo 2014-2016 programme of work
Improving governance for
water and health
Capacity building on good practices
Strengthening the evidence base
Rapid
assessments
Safe and efficient management
Information sharing and
regional networking
Equitable access
Development of a good practice document for policy makers
Prevention and reduction of WRD
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Protocol on Water and Health The Oslo 2014-2016 programme of work
Improving governance for
water and health
Water Safety Plan uptake for small
systems
Safe and efficient management
Universal access in rural areas
Equitable access
Risk-based surveillance in
rural areas
Prevention and reduction of WRD
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Explicit target setting on small-
systems
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Improving the evidence base
Non-systematic initial overview
(2011)
In-country rapid assessment study
(GEO 2013)
Systematic questionnaire survey
(2014)
Country consultations and assessments
(2014-2016)
TFYR Macedonia
2015
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Consultation aspects
• Review the evidence base on the situation of small-scale water supplies and sanitation
• Identify knowledge/data gaps that hinder a comprehensive assessment of the situation and potential health risks
• Review of regulatory requirements and institutional responsibilities related surveillance
• Review of specific challenges
• Review of existing and/or planned policies, programs and/or initiatives aiming at improving the situation
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Source: Rod Shaw
Thank you
Blagodaram
Faleminderit
Small-scale water supply and sanitation
Skopje, 17 June 2015
Discussion points
1. What are the key challenges related to small systems?
2. What are the available information describing the prevailing conditions of small systems?
3. What knowledge or information is missing for a comprehensive situation assessment?
4. What are the institutional responsibilities related to surveillance of small systems?
5. Are there existing or planned policies, programs or initiatives aiming at improving small systems?
What are the key challenges related to small systems?
What are the available information describing the prevailing conditions of small systems?
What knowledge or information is missing for a comprehensive situation assessment?
What are the institutional responsibilities related to surveillance of small systems?
Are there existing or planned policies, programs or initiatives aiming at improving small systems?
top related