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An Inquiry into the Buddhist
Approach to Human
Resources Management
Rev. Wilgamuwe Piyananda
(BA hons, Rajakiya Panditha)Sub Warden
Bhikku University of Sri Lanka
Anuradha ura
Topic
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Objectives
Studying Buddhist suttas which includeinformation on human resources management.
Identifying Buddhist management concepts.
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Management is a special process which is followed by a giveninstitute or an organization in order to achieve certain
objectives and goals. This process include four interrelated
functions:
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Leading
4. Controlling
What is Management
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Human Resources Management
Human Resources Management is an attempt made byan institute or an organization in order to effectively
direct its human resources towards its objectives angoals and to achieve expected results.
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A manager is a person who provides others withnot only a direction to move and a future goal but a
capability to succeed that pursuit.
Manager is the spiritually responsible person whoprovides other with a future goals.
(P. F. Drucer)
Who is a Manager?
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Concepts of Human Resources
ManagementThe discipline of Management which consists of modern scientific
principles basically includes the following concepts:
planning
Staffing Management
Organization Management
Direction
Leadership
Motivation Management
Communication Management
CoordinationManagement
controlling Management
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These basic concepts are critically included inboth the life of the Lord Buddha and in his
teachings.
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Human Resources Management inBuddhism
The Lord Buddha was the greatest teacher inthe world who led the fourfold followers
(Bhikku, Bhikkuni, Upaasaka, Upaasikaa) to
the definite objective called Nirvana. Theimpact of Buddhism on laic people is liberal.
However, the management policy provided toBuddhist monks by the Lord Buddha focuses
even on the most simple and personal aspects.
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Thus, the Bhikku community is something that has beenestablished by the Lord Buddha with a direct goal and other
related objectives. Its goal is first overcoming samsaara and
then leading others to that goal.
Therefore, there is a series of disciplinary regulations andnorms which gradually covers the lives of the monks from the
very beginnings of their bhikkulives.
Certain disciplinary actions have been imposed in order tomaintain a cooperation among the monks as an organizedinstitution.
samaggaa sammodamaanaa avivaadamaanaa khiirodaki bhuutaa agnyamagnyang
piyachakkhuhi pasampassataa viharata(Majjima NikaayaChuulagosinha sutta)
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Personnel Management
The establishment of Bhikku community andleading, organizing, controlling, staffing, and
directing it. The proper control of the monks
by assigning posts (ranks) based on their
qualifications, and by imposing disciplinary
regulations for the betterment of the Bhikku
institution.
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Singaaloovaada sutta includes a human
resources management policy which is capable
of making the entire human society better. Itemphasizes successfully accomplishing the
duties and responsibilities of the following
social beings in order to achieve that goal:
Husbands and Wives
Daughters and Sons
Employers and Employees Teachers and Students
Laymen and priests (monks)
Rulers and the rules.
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Leadership Concepts in Buddhism
According to the discipline of Management, leadership is thekey factor which organizes human resources towards definite
goals. The life of the Lord Buddha and Buddhism in general
include a number of such factors.
A leader has to be full of a virtuous and an intelligent life (MahaaParinibbaana Sutta)
A leader has to be devout (Vattaka Jaataka)
A leader must utter good and friendly words (Nandivishaala jataka)
A leader must be courageous (Vannupatha jaataka)
A leader must treat all individuals in the community equally.(Chakkavattisiihanaada sutta)
It is a male or a female with a good character that should be appointed as a
leader (Paraabava sutta)
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The Lord Buddha was the leader of thousandsof laymen and monks. His unique
characteristics were the major factors behindthat. The life of the Lord Buddha clearly
implies the importance of some key factors to
proper leadership. Such factors include: thehabit of doing what is said and saying what is
done; patience; steadiness; friendliness;
capacity of understanding people; equality;
honesty; rise to an occasion, commitment and
kindness.
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Economic Management in
Buddhism An accurate economic policy is a must for an effective human resource
management. Today, human resources management is highly important to
economic management.
Buddhism emphasizes directing humans properly in economic mattersbased on what I called middle-way (madyama pratipadaa) which alsorejects using money in a mingy way.
Andha suttain the Anguttara nikaayamentions that it is not good to have
company with those who are either partially or totally blind. Only thosewho can see with both eyes should be selected for company. This means
that both worldly and transcendental lives must be balanced.
The Vaddi suttain theAnguttara nikaayaincludes several factors that are
useful for worldly and transcendental well-being.
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Vyaggajja sutta includes an economic
management policy which consists of four
basic factors
1. productive efforts (uhna-sampad) in one's livelihood,
2. protective efforts (rakkha-sampad) regarding ones wealth in
terms of possible theft or disaster,
3. virtuous friendship (kalya-mittat), and
4. living (sama-jvikat), abstaining from womanizing, drunkenness,
gambling and evil friendships.
Thissuttafurther elaborates on the methods by which money can be properlyand legally earned and the on the correct industries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyana_mittata -
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Singaaloovaada sutta includes 10 factors which arerelevant to the progress of any institution. These 10
factors are categorized under two headings: employer
and employee. Responsibilities of the employer:
1. Assigning tasks by considering the capacities of people.
2. Providing the employees with food and wages.
3. Providing medical facilities.4. Encouraging by giving special allowances.
5. Providing leaves when necessary.
Responsibilities of the employee:
1. Starting to work early
2. Working untill the job is done.
3. Not stealing anything.
4. Consciously working.
5. Respecting the owner (head) of the institute / organization.
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Singaalovada sutta provides a policy towardsspending and using the earned money. Thus;
1. One part of the earned money is for grants
and consumption;
2. Two parts are for industries.
3. The forth part must be saved for use in
emergencies.
4. The rest has to be saved.
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Resource Management
Buddhism recommends gaining maximum benefitsfrom available limited resources.
After using for a long time, a rob should be used as a coverlet.
When it cannot be used so, pillow cases can be made out of it.When it cannot be used at all, it must be mixed with mud in
order to be pasted on walls (Chullavagga Paali
Panchasatikkhandhaka).
This statement points to the importance of moderate
mindedness in consuming physical resources.
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Time ManagementBuddhism elaborates on three factors which delay
tasks.
01 Getting used to extreme sleep (nindaaraamataa)
02 Wasting time by uttering meaningless words
(bhasmaaraamataa)
03 Wasting time by ignoring duties and hanging out with
people (ghana sanghanikaaraamataa).
Buddhism advices to engage in Dhamma without a delay(appamaadena sampaadeta).
It advices to fulfill daily tasks without postponing them untiltomorrow (ajjeva kiccang aatappang)
promptness leads to nirvaana(appamaado amata
padan).
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Spiritual Management in Buddhism
The MahdukkhakkhandhaSutta emphasizes the importanceof being transformed into spiritual life, having known the
sufferings of worldly life.
1. Assdothe understanding the gratification as gratification
2. deenava- the understand the gratification as gratificationand the danger as danger
3. Nissarana - the escape as escape in the case of sensualpleasures
Thus, the objective of Buddhist way of human resources
management is to attain nirvana in terms of middle-way,
trough understanding four noble truths. (paccattan veditabbo
vingyuu hii).
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The Effectiveness of Human Resource
Management in Buddhism
In the time of the Lord Buddha, there wereabout seventy million Buddhists in
Savathnuvara. Among them, about five million
People could attain nirvaana. This is aconsequence of the properly managed humanrecourses by the Lord Buddha.
tadaa saavattiyan sattamanussakotiyo vasanti tesu sattudhammakan sutva pancakotimatta manussa ariyasaavakaa
jaataa, dve kotimatta putujjanaa (Dhammapada,Chakkupaalatheravattu).
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Conclusion
The whole system in Buddhism is a series of properlyorganized set of management principles and policies.
Thus, one of its aims is to management individuals, the
environment in which he lives, the items used by him etc.Guidelines related to this are mentioned in Vinaya and
Suttapitakas.
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Thank you
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