skull and tooth

HUMAN TEETH

Prepared : AHMED AHBAYATI.UG:1330089

SKULL• The skull is the bony

structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain.

• Facial Bones(14) bones:

• Mandible• Two maxillae • Vomer• Two palatine bones• Two nasal bones• Two zygomatic bones• Two nasal conchae• Two lacrimal bones

• Cranial Bones

• Surrounding the brain is a region of the skull known as the cranium. In this region we have eight cranial bones:

• Frontal bone• Two parietal bones• Two temporal bones• Occipital bone• Ethmoid bone• Sphenoid bone

Sinuses and Salivary glands

Blood vessels

• The internal carotid: artery travels up from the aortic arch just outside the heart. It travels into the brain to provide oxygenated blood to the eyes, the front of the brain, and portions of the scalp

• The external carotid : artery helps supply part of the brain through its many branches, and it also gives blood to the thyroid gland in the neck.

Facial muscles

Facial nerve• To• Zugdidi• By• Motor• Car

Temporomandibular Joint(TMJ).

• is a hinge that connects your jaw to the temporal bones 

• Mandibular condyles• Articular surface of

the temporal bone• Capsule• Articular disc• Ligaments• Lateral pterygoid

Muscles of masticationMuscles of mastication

– masseter– temporalis– medial pterygoid

muscle– lateral pterygoid

muscle

Dental Anatomy

• The maxilla consists of four processes : the frontal, zygomatic, palatine and alveolar processes

• Infraorbital foramen• The maxillary sinus• It has four surfaces; the

anterior surface, the orbital or superior surface, the nasal surface and the posterior surface.

Dental Anatomy

• The mandible: is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the face.

• Consists of :Consists of :• Body of mandibleBody of mandible• ramus of mandibleramus of mandible• angle of mandibleangle of mandible..

Tooth structure• The teeth are the hardest

substances in the human body

• Each tooth has a crown and root portion. The crown is covered with enamel, and the root portion is covered with cementum. The root is embedded in the jaw bone.

. primary(baby) teeth:Twenty( 20) primary teeth.

Permanent teeth: Thirty-two (32)

permanent teeth.

Humans Have Two Dentitions Throughout Life

Tissues Of ToothEnamel The hard outer layer of the crown. Enamel is the hardest substance in the body.Dentine Not as hard as enamel, and made of living cells, which secrete a hard mineral substance..Pulp Soft tissue containing the blood and nerve supply to the tooth. The pulp extends from the crown to the tip of the root.Cementum The layer of bone-like tissue covering the root. It is not as hard as enamel.

Tooth Surfaces

Periodontal Tissues

•Gingiva(gum)•Alveolar Bone•Periodontal Ligament•Cementum

 Diseases of tooth• Dental Caries:• refer to tooth decay, which occurs when specific types of bacteria produce

acid that destroys the tooth’s enamel and its underlying layer, the dentin

 Diseases of tooth• pulpitis is inflammation of the

dental pulp resulting from untreated caries, trauma, or multiple restorations. Its

principal symptom is pain. • Pulpitis is designated as• Reversible: Pulpitis begins as

limited inflammation, and the tooth can be saved by a simple filling.

• Irreversible: pulp damage is extensive and cannot be reversed. The only way dentists can stop the pain is by removing the pulp via root canal treatment

 Diseases of gum

• Periodontal disease:• Gingivitis :is a common and

mild form of gum disease that causes irritation, redness and swelling (inflammation) of your gums.

• Gingivitis can lead to much more serious gum disease (periodontitis): s a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone that supports your teeth. 

Diseases of mouth

LeukoplakiaLeukoplakia:: thickened, white patches form on your gums, the insides of your cheeks, the bottom of your mouth and, sometimes, your tongue. These patches can't be scraped off.Doctors don't know what causes leukoplakia but consider tobacco .It usually isn't dangerous, but it can sometimes be serious

Diseases of mouth

• Torus palatinus is a benign peculiarity wherein there is a bony outgrowth on the palate. It is a normal bump on the roof of the mouth. It is not cancerous, nor it is painful or sore.

Diseases of mouth : Fissured Tongue

Hairy Tongue

Leukemic Gingivitis