single phase motor repair.doc
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7/30/2019 single phase motor repair.doc
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Centrifugal, thermal,and capacitor
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switches cause mostsingle-phase motormalfunctions
Most problemswith single-phase motors involve thecentrifugal switch,thermal switch, orcapacitor(s). If theproblem is in thecentrifugal switch,thermal switch, orcapacitor, the motor isusually serviced andrepaired. However, ifthe motor is more than10 years old and lessthan 1 HP, the motor isusually replaced. If themotor is less than 1/8HP, it is almost alwaysreplaced.
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TroubleshootingSplit-Phase (SinglePhase) Motors
The split-phase motorhas a starting andrunning winding. Thestarting winding isautomatically removedby a centrifugal switchas the motoraccelerates. Some split-phase motors alsoinclude a thermalswitch thatautomatically turns themotor OFF when itoverheats. Thermalswitches may have amanual reset orautomatic reset.Caution should betaken with any motor
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that has an automaticreset, as the motor canautomatically restart atany time. See Figure 1.
Figure 1 Troubleshoot
split-phase motors withan ohmmeter.
To troubleshoot a split-phase motor, apply the
following procedure:
1. Turn power to motorOFF. Visually inspectthe motor. Replace the
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motor if it is burned,the shaft is jammed, or
if there is any sign ofdamage.
2. Check to determineif the motor iscontrolled by a thermal
switch. If the thermalswitch is manual, resetthe thermal switch andturn motor ON.
3. If the motor does not
start, use a voltmeterto check for voltage atthe motor terminals.
The voltage should bewithin 10 % of themotor's listed voltage.
If the voltage is notcorrect, troubleshootthe circuit leading tothe motor. If thevoltage is correct, turn
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power to motor OFF sothe motor can be
tested.
4. Turn the handle ofthe safety switch orcombination starterOFF. Lock out and tag
the starting mechanismper company policy.
5. With power OFF,connect the ohmmeterto the same motor
terminals the incomingpower leads weredisconnected from. Theohmmeter will read theresistance of thestarting and running
windings. Since thewindings are in parallel,their combinedresistance is less than
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the resistance of eitherwinding alone. If the
meter reads zero, ashort is present. If themeter reads infinity, anopen circuit is present.In either case, themotor should be
replaced. Nore: Themotor size is too smallfor a repair to be costefficient.
6. Visually inspect the
centrifugal switch forsigns of burning orbroken springs. If anyobvious signs ofproblems are present,service or replace the
switch. If not, check theswitch using anohmmeter.
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Manually operate thecentrifugal switch. (The
endbell on the switchside may have to beremoved.) If the motoris good, the resistanceon the ohmmeter willdecrease. If the
resistance does notchange, a problemexists. Continuechecking to determinethe problem.
TroubleshootingCapacitor Motors
A capacitor motor is asplit-phase motor withthe addition of one or
two capacitors.Capacitors give themotor more startingand/or running torque.
Troubleshooting
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capacitor motors issimilar to
troubleshooting split-phase motors. The onlyadditional device to beconsidered is thecapacitor.
Capacitors have alimited life and areoften the problem incapacitor motors.Capacitors may have ashort circuit, an open
circuit, or maydeteriorate to the pointthat they must bereplaced. Deteriorationcan also change thevalue of a capacitor,
which can causeadditional problems.When a capacitor short-circuits, the winding in
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the motor may burnout. When a capacitor
deteriorates or opens,the motor has poorstarting torque. Poorstarting torque mayprevent the motor fromstarting, which will
usually trip theoverloads.
All capacitors are madewith two conductingsurfaces separated by
dielectric material.Dielectric material is amedium in which anelectric field ismaintained with little orno outside energy
supply. It is the type ofmaterial used toinsulate conductingsurfaces of a capacitor.
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Capacitors are either oilor electrolytic. Oil
capacitors are filledwith oil and sealed in ametal container. The oilserves as the dielectricmaterial.
More motors useelectrolytic capacitorsthan oil capacitors.Electrolytic capacitorsare formed by windingtwo sheets of aluminum
foil separated by piecesof thin paperimpregnated with anelectrolyte. Anelectrolyte is aconducting medium in
which the current flowoccurs by ionmigration. Theelectrolyte is used as
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the dielectric material.The aluminum foil and
electrolyte are encasedin a cardboard oraluminum cover. A venthole is provided toprevent a possibleexplosion in the event
the capacitor is shortedor overheated.
AC capacitors are usedwith capacitor motors.Capacitors that are
designed to beconnected to AC haveno polarity. See Figure2.
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Figure 2 Troubleshootcapacitors with anohmmeter and aresistor
To troubleshoot acapacitor motor, applythe followingprocedure:
1. Turn the handle ofthe safety switch orcombination starter
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OFF. Lock out and tagthe starting mechanism
per company policy.
2. Using a voltmeter,measure the voltage atthe motor terminals tomake sure the power is
OFF.
3. Capacitors arelocated on the outsideframe of the motor.Remove the cover of
the capacitor. Caution:A good capacitor willhold a charge, evenwhen power isremoved.
4. Visually check thecapacitor for leakage,cracks, or bulges.Replace the capacitor if
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present.
5. Remove thecapacitor from thecircuit and discharge it.
To safely discharge acapacitor, place a20,000 ohm, 2 W
resistor across theterminals for fiveseconds.
6. After the capacitor isdischarged, connect
the ohmmeter leads tothe capacitor terminals.
The ohmmeter willindicate the generalcondition of thecapacitor. A capacitor is
either good, shorted, oropen.
Set your voltmeter to
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measure capacitance.The capacitance value
read should be within+/- 20% of the value onthe capacitor label.
Read more abouttroubleshooting Single-Phase Motors
Use the proper testtools whentroubleshootingelectrical motors.
###This article is based onmaterial excerptedfrom Electric Motor DriveInstallation andTroubleshooting,Troublesh
ooting Electric/ElectronicSystems, 2ndEdition, Power QualityMeasurement andTroubleshooting, andElectri
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cal Motor Controls, 2ndEdition, published byAmerican TechnicalPublishers, Inc. To obtaininformation on relatedtraining products, visit theAmerican Tech website at http://www.go2atp.com.
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