singapore tuition industry (social stratification)

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

HYPOTHESIS & RESEARCH QUESTION

CASE STUDIES

COMPARISON

& ANALYSIS

THEORIES & CONCLUSION

OUTLINE

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

THEORECTICAL

APPROACHES

INTRODUCTION

FUNCTIONALIST FUNCTIONALIST

THEORY

CONFLICT

THEORY CONFLICT

THEORY

SOCIAL CAPITAL

SOCIAL NETWORKS

HYPOTHESIS RESEARCH QUESTION

HYPOTHESIS

RESEARCH QUESTION

HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS

RESEARCH QUESTION

RESEARCH

QUESTION

RESEARCH QUESTION

CASE STUDIES

CASE STUDIES

CASE STUDIES

)

CASE STUDIES

Targets students from Middle to Upper Class

families

• Fees: $60-70/session(1.5hours)/subject

• Located at private housing areas

Entry tests to understand students’ abilities

and group them with those of the same calibre

Excellent track record

• 70% of their students improve

• Almost all improved language abilities

CASE STUDIES

Targets students of Middle Class families

Fees: $140/subject/month + $40 registration fee

The Kumon Method

• Encourages self-motivated, independent learning

• Instructors only observe and assist by hinting

CASE STUDIES

Targets students from all social classes

• Mostly attended by neighbourhood school

students

• Secondary level fees: $107/subject/month

Mavis focuses on achieving maximum results

Rewards top-scoring students (e.g. iPads)

No good track record

CASE STUDIES

Targets students from Middle Class families

Fees: $160/subject/month

KIP McGrath’s Methodology

• Special assessment of every child’s abilities and

learning needs A customized learning plan

devised for the child

• Incentives: Stickers, Certificates, Presents

No good track record

CASE STUDIES

Targets students from Elite schools or Upper Middle Class

families

Fees: Confidential

Hired by MOE to conduct Math and Science Olympiad

enrichment in elite schools (e.g. Raffles Institution)

Helps students scoring A2s to improve to an A1 or beyond

Word-of-mouth marketing

SIMPLY EDUCATION

Affordable fees

• Primary: $8/subject/month

• Secondary: $12/subject/month

CASE STUDIES

Targets students from Lower Middle Class

and Lower Class families

• 65 collaborative tuition centres by CDAC,

Mendaki, SINDA

• For students with poor results AND a

household income of <$3000

COLLABORATIVE TUITION PROGRAMS

BASIS OF COMPARISONS

BASIS OF COMPARISONS

BASIS OF COMPARISONS

COMPARISON CHART

COMPARISON

CHART

COMPARISON CHART

Difficult material

designed to boost

towards academic

success

Strong student teacher

bond, parents kept in

the loop

Guided learning, programme to

grad from. Math from Japan,

English from Australia, Chinese

from China.

Discipline, character, learning

Conventional learning

method. (assessment

books)

Keep students

engaged

Minimum criteria of

degree from reputable

uni. rigorous rounds of

interviews, 6 months

probation period

Anybody can do it, as long as

they undergo the training

courses by KUMON

Experienced, mostly NIE

trained

Ks (4:1)/P1-2(10:1)/P3-

4(12:1)

upper primary onwards

14:1

No class size open space. (as

long as can fit)

1:15-20

Once a week.1hr45mins

-P4, P5 and above 2

hours.

1 ½ hours per subject. 1 ½ hours per subject.

COMPARISON CHART

Their own assessment

books, International

programme, same as

around the world.

Helps you at whatever

pace you are at,

understanding the

student and learning

methods.

Additional enrichment

to boost students’

academic

performance. Solving

homework questions

From different schools,

most with NIE cert.

Very niche (A*

programme, trainer,

math olympiad,

booster, enrichment

NIE trainees/retired

teachers/trained

teachers/

undergraduates

1:6

for chinese usually 1:2

(litte students)

1:1-1:3 at most. 1:8-15 (minimum 6)

1.5 hours/subject. Not more than 1.5

hours.

1.5 hours per subject

ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

FINDINGS

1 NOT CLASS SIZE

INTERACTIONS THAT MATTER

2

UNDERSTANDING

THE STUDENT

PERSONALIZED

METHOD

UNDERSTANDING

BEYOND ENGAGING

PRODUCES IN HOUSE

MATERIAL +

HIGHLY SOUGHT AFTER

SimplyEducation Affordable prices for everyone Not well-known. only resourceful people know

ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

FINDINGS

3 4 Offering this aspect of understanding the student leads to higher prices being charged.

The tuition centres that seem to offer either one or two factors of the “Understanding aspect” are TLL, KUMON, Simply

Education.

KUMON Expensive fees that not everyone would afford Might not understand Kumon methods. nobody around to recommend it.

THE LEARNING LAB Expensive fees, Geographical location,Word of mouth

“ELITE” Resources

MONEY SOCIAL CAPITAL

ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

FINDINGS

5

6

“Elite” are more resourceful in social capital and money, in order to not be affected by price and geographical factors of better tuitions

Friends Classmates

School environment

Students themselves also have more social capital

Traits that students absorb at tuition, (discipline, higer aspirations) from other students lead them to even higher upward social mobility than poorer students at “normal” tuition centres with same or worse students.

ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS

It seems that tuition is part of Singaporean society to function. Tuition is required to complement the current education system. The removal of it might cause issue such as black market economy.

“Elite” tuitions put in efforts to reach their target market (those who can pay more), Thus, place centres at more high end areas. (can afford higher rent).

DISCUSSION TIME

LET’S DISCUSS…

Why do you think that a more interactive learning environment is not observed in Singapore schools?

DISCUSSION TIME

LET’S DISCUSS…

Do you still think that tuition without increased teacher-student interaction and the personalised teaching method are helpful?

Therefore, do you think there is a difference in quality of different types of tuition in Singapore? How significant are the differences?

VIDEO TIME!

ADDRESSING LEARNING GAPS

KHAN ACADEMY

CONCLUSION

THEORIES & APPLICATION

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

THEORIES & APPLICATION

FINANCIAL CAPABILITIES OF

PARENTS

PARENTS’ SOCIAL CAPITAL

CULTURAL CAPITAL OF

PARENTS

CONCLUSION

STATUS ALLOCATION MODEL

LOWER INCOME

PARENTS AND

STUDENTS

ARE CONSTRAINED

BY BARRIERS

1 2

3 THEORIES & APPLICATION

CONCLUSION

BARRIERS ERECTED

THEORIES & APPLICATION CONCLUSION

FINANCIAL CAPABILITIES

BARRIERS ERECTED

THEORIES & APPLICATION CONCLUSION

PARENT’S SOCIAL CAPITAL

Upper class families Parents more educated

Better expectations of quality of tuition

Lower class families Parents less educated

Poorer/No expectation of quality of tuition

Only those from upper class have the access of info

about Simplyeducation

Exclusiveness of parent’s social network

(Simplyeducation)

PARENT’S CULTURAL CAPITAL

THEORIES & APPLICATION

CONSEQUENCES

CONCLUSION

1

2

3

4

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Due to the various factors such as teacher-student ratio, quality of

resources increased the difference in academic results of good

and weak students.

Most importantly, the difference in quality of tuition lies in the

essence of higher student-teacher interaction, which brings about

a more personalised teaching that benefits students according to

their weaknesses.

Going back to the discussion questions, we do not think that tuition

without these high student-teacher interaction are useless, they

could help the students, but not as much as those with these

interactions.

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

HYPOTHESIS SUPPORTED

1

2

3

CONCLUSION

Stratification between different types of tuition that give

rise to educational inequality is due to the different

amount of efforts put in by each tuition centres and

teachers in understanding what each student need.

Lower social classes face multiple social constraints in

attaining these more beneficial tuition classes.

They are therefore trapped within the limits of their

educational success.

THEREFORE, THE CONCLUSION OF OUR GROUP RESEARCH IS THAT

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

http://www.sinda.org.sg/students/shgs-collaborative-tuition-programme/ http://mts.mendaki.org.sg/CTP.html http://www.cdac.org.sg/eng/programmes/tuition/student/eligibility/collaborative_tuition_programme.htm http://www.mavistutorial.com/press_info.php?id=10 http://sg.kumonglobal.com/page.jsp?id=579&version=sg&idfrom=791 http://news.xin.msn.com/en/singapore/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5716913 http://www.ted.com/talks/salman_khan_let_s_use_video_to_reinvent_education.html