session 3. donovan mcmullin - fruit consumption in peru and kenya
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Fruit consumption on-farm and in peri-urban markets; Kenya
and Peru Stepha McMullin & Jason Donovan
6th June 2013, IFPRI, Washington D.C
ICRAF’s involvement in A4NHOutcomes Outputs1. 1 Data and evidence to measure food consumption patterns, constraints to access to nutritious foods, consumers' knowledge, awareness and knowledge gaps related to diverse diets and nutritious foods etc
1.1.1 Data + evidence published on consumption patterns, availability, access, use + processing of nutritious foods; information on dynamics of food purchases, own-production, sales of nutrient-rich foods, market access and overall nutrient gaps1.1.2 Database on nutritional value of lesser known and local foods1.1.3 Data + evidence published regarding poor consumers' knowledge, awareness, knowledge gaps, diverse diets and nutritious foods1.1.4 Portfolio of information/education/communication materials developed
1.3 Tools and technologies developed to enhance nutrition along the value chain; used by a variety of value-chain actors
1.3.1 Top performing technologies identified and tested to enhance nutrition along the value chain
Nutrition-sensitive value chain: Fruits
Input Production Postharvest/Storage
Processing/Export
Retail/ Market
Varieties with highest nutrient content, e.g. vitamin A
Early and late maturing varieties to extend the harvest period
Portfolios of diverse fruit spp. year-round fruit production
Picking fruits at the right ripening stage with the highest nutrient content
Cold storage to maintain nutrients
Improved processing techniques to maintain the nutrient content
Better packaging to support nutrient retention
Enhanced marketing pathways to get the product to consumers in short time to retain nutrients
Awareness creation among consumers
Consumer Access
Domestic & Int
Optimal soil fertility to produce nutrient-rich fruits
Tree mgt & cropping systems
Fruits for NutritionDeficiency of Iron, Vit A, Vit C in SSA Fruits have high nutritional value
Nutrient contents of selected Fruits:
Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods;Fruits for the Future Series, ICUC, Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/),etc.
Fruit harvest seasons
Fruit Availability in Malawi and Zambia
Planting season
Harvest season
Key Research Questions• How do tree foods contribute to family nutrition, and does this change through the
seasons?• How do they contribute to family income and how is this income spent?• Do families with diverse fruit trees on their farm consume more fruits and are better
nourished than those with less fruit trees? Reasons? • What is the nutrient content of products from underutilized tree species (less known, less
used)?• How to develop fruit tree portfolios to fill nutrition gaps location-specific
recommendations for optimal combinations and numbers of fruit/nut species?• What fruit are available at which time and at what price at the markets? Are there gaps in
fruit supply and if yes, why?• How can nutrition sensitive fruit value chains be developed and/or promoted for better
nutrition and economic returns? (CRP2 , SD2)• What are the cultural, socio-economic and environmental factors influencing the
cultivation of food trees and consumption of their products?• How can technical agroforestry knowledge be disseminated with nutritional information?
ICRAF Seed Grant Project
Kenya
In collaboration with Bioversity International Kenya
Undernourishment
Undernourishment in East AfricaCountry Ethiopia Kenya Uganda Tanzania Reg
Average
Undernourished population
41 31 21 34 25
Underweight under 5
29 16 16 16 20
Stunting under 5 44 35 38 42 40
Data Source: various, Country DHS reports 2006-2011, Sanderson and Auricht 2012 AIFSC
Low F&V ConsumptionFruit & Vegetable Consumption
Country % Of Households consuming
Quantity Kg/pp/py % of food budget % of total budget
KenyaVegetableFruitVariance
894643
882662
836
614
EA AverageVegetableFruitVariance
944648
481534
867
625
Country level data available for Ethiopia (1997), Malawi (1997), Tanzania (2000), Kenya (1997)Source: Collated from Ruel, M.T, Minot,N and L.Smith. Patterns and determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in sub-Saharan Africa. Background paper for the Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on Fruit and Vegetables for Health, 1-3 September 2004, Kobe Japan
Fruit & Vegetable Consumption (Yearly/kg & Daily/gram)
Country Fruit (kg/pp/py) Grams p/day Veg (kg/pp/py) Grams p/day
Kenya 26 71 88 241
Regional Avg. 15 40 50 136
Factors that constrain fruit consumption & production
•Lack of awareness of nutrition benefits•Loss of traditional nutrition systems based on local agro-biodiversity erosion of PGR & related IK•Degradation of natural vegetation for agri-intensification•Low purchasing power and limited frequency of purchases
Consumption & Use, local
knowledge
•Lack of well adapted fruit tree varieties•Poor dissemination of quality planting material•Lack of sufficient tree domestication techniques & its dissemination•Low on-farm fruit tree productivity due to poor farming practices•High seasonality of common fruits- periods of no availability Nutritional gaps
Production•High seasonality of common fruits periods of no availability or gluts of fruits causing wastage•Lack of fruit processing facilities & technologies, perishability & high post-harvest loss•Poorly organised fruit marketing pathways along VC•Imperfect markets Informal/formal market pathways poorly analysed
Value Chains & Markets
On-Farm fruit production, consumption and
marketing of fruits in Western Kenya
Household/ On-farm Fruit Tree
Diversity
HH income
HH Consumption
HH expenditure
Nutrient intake- whole diet
(calories, protein, micro-nutrients)
HH Dietary Diversity
Food Purchases
Non-Food Purchases
Sustainable Diets
Better Nutrition?
Markets?
Seasonality
Availability
Nutritional-Gaps
More and more diverse income?
More and more diverse food ?
HH Decision-making? Women’s access to resources, role as producers, IG, care-givers, guardians of HH N&H
Markets work better?
Socio-cultural determinants
Prices & Availability?
Consumer preference?
HH Income?
Cost to HH & feasibility of Fruit production?
Study Objectives1. Identify key trends in gender-disaggregated preferences, attitudes and decision-making
processes of rural households for fruit consumption, fruit production, income generated from this activity and expenditure on food and non-food purchases.
2. Document diversity and seasonal availability of fruit trees on farms, assess how this contributes to household fruit consumption and income generation and undertake food consumption surveys to identify nutritional gaps and the contribution of fruits to the overall diet.
3. Characterize informal and formal fruit value chains and identify the constraints to expanded supply and demand of nutrient-rich fresh fruits with the aim to develop stronger market linkages from rural to urban locales.
4. Establish a network and partnerships for the design of interventions to address bottlenecks in this area and to leverage fruit value chains for improved nutrition.
A4NH V.C Objectives 1 & 2
ActivitiesActivity Activity details Data Collection Centre
mainly responsible
1 Perform baseline survey to identify trends in the patterns and determinants of fruit consumption to inform wider data collection in Phase II (Intervention); (Survey 1): Consumption patterns Nutritional gap analysis Decision-making processes Socio-economic, socio-cultural and environmental factors Gender variances
24 Hr RecallFood FrequencyDietary Patterns ( PCA, DDS)
Bioversity and ICRAF
2 Perform baseline survey to assess on-farm fruit tree diversity and fruit production as well as to identify bottlenecks. And to assess formal and informal tree fruit value chains, diversity and availability in markets; (Survey 2 + 3): Production volumes and factors influencing volumes Decision-making processes Seasonality Income generation Market availability and farmer-market linkages Market Scan
Household/ On-Farm surveyMarket Surveys
ICRAF and ROP
3 Analysis of data from surveys 1 and 2 to develop recommended interventions to address the opportunities and bottlenecks for improving fruit value chain: production, marketing and consumption of fruits year round. Design nutrition-sensitive interventions for increasing consumption
Based on activity 1, 2&3 ICRAF and Bioversity
4 Perform a workshop to strengthen collaboration between partners engaged in Agriculture-Nutrition-Health in Kenya; disseminate findings and brainstorm with partners about future entry points and interventions for improving nutrition along fruit value chains through enhancing availability, accessibility and use of tree fruits
Partner development ICRAF and ROP
Study Area:Western Kenya
Humid Upper Midlands
Semi-humid Lower Midlands
Survey 1 and 2• 3-4 AEZs (upper to lower
midlands, humid to semi-humid climate)
2 transacts to cover (parallel):• An altitude gradient• A precipitation gradient• Gradient proximity & distance
to forests• 5 villages per transect (=10)• 30 HH per village (=300)• Market Survey (tbd)
FGD1 FGD per village (=10) 5 Male + 5 Female
Partners: Bioversity Int & ROP
Schedule of Activities 2013/14Activity June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan
Methodology Design X
Survey Design and Field work Preparation
X
Identify Key Partners X
Baseline survey 1 + FGD X
X
X
Baseline survey 2 + 3 X
X X
Data entry and analysis X X X X
Workshop with key partners X
Report Compilation X X
Develop Phase II Intervention Project X X
ICRAF A4NH Regional Strategy Workshops
WCA: 7th & 8th February
Sahel Node: 8th & 9th February
Southern Africa: 8th & 9th April
East Africa: 27th & 28th June
Latin America, South Asia, South East Asia to follow soon!
• Regional input and prioritization• Interactive format brainstorming• Topics: Production, Value Addition, Markets-Consumption• Priority Areas – Challenges – Opportunities – Entry Points• Multi-stakeholder engagement: ICRAF scientists, Nutritionists, Universities, Govt.
level, Farmers, Extension agents, Private Sector, NGO’s
Develop our global strategy for T4NH
A4NH seed-fund research
Leveraging tree-fruit value chains for improved nutrition in peri-urban areas
What is the potential to improve off-farm nutrition and
strengthen rural livelihoods?
Jason DonovanICRAF - Lima, Peru
VC development for tree fruits: Challenges at both ends of the chain
Consumption: limited demand?
• Low F&V consumption: Ecuador: 87% men, 90% of women
below WHO recommended level of F&V consumption
• Growing consumption of oils, fats and butters (10% of
children <5 in Lima are overweight or obese)
• Abundance of high-fat, high-sugar beverages and snacks
marketed to lower-income households
• Time constraints: Increasing number of women in the labor
force, dependence on fast food (street vender, franchise)
Production: limited incentives for fruit production
• Smallholder production of a diverse range of exotic and
indigenous fruits, but limited market outlets
• High-risk market environment; market imperfections (work
by Gruère, Giuliani, and Smale 2006)
Producer vs. consumer approaches to designing nutrition interventions
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Rest of the chain
Target group
Producer focus• Objective: improve nutritional outcomes of poor producers and
rural communities (overriding concern: chronic under-nutrition)• Mechanisms: upgrading productive capacities of smallholders
(technical assistance for production and post-harvest management, micro enterprise development)
• Limitations: don’t address overarching need to increase/diversity income generation
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Target group
Consumer focus • Objective: improve dietary practices (balanced diets),
address the effects of under nutrition • Mechanisms: education, feeding programs, social
marketing, public purchase programs• Limitations: dependence of external funding, does not
address demand for and access to nutritious and quality foods
Rest of th
e chain
Nutrition-oriented approach to value chain development
Consumers• Nutrient excesses/deficiencies • Access to nutritious foods • Demand: latent vs. expressed;
revealed vs. stated preferences• Perception of quality and price for
healthy foods
Producers, processors, traders• Business/livelihood strategies
(and related outputs)• Flexibility and responsiveness for
improved nutritional outcomes • Relations among actors, including
information flows, provision of services, imposition of standards
• Access to services and inputs
Critical success factors (CSF)
for improved nutrition
outcomes through VCD
Capacity of private sector
actors and smallholders to
respond to CSF
Multi-level, multi-disciplinary
strategy for improved
nutrition performance of VCs
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Nutrition-oriented approach
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Determine critical success factors (CSF) for improving nutrition
Improved access to services and inputs
Vertical alliances
Strengthen response capacity to CSF
Horizontal alliances
Seed fund research in PeruObjective
Characterize the potential of interventions in tree-fruit value chains to impact nutritional outcomes of peri-urban consumers
Specific objectives
1. Identify the actual and potential contribution of tree fruits to healthy diets in peri-urban areas
2. Characterize key factors that influence the demand for tree fruits in peri-urban areas (access, quality, cost)
3. Identify key actors in VCs for tree fruits (processors, wholesalers, retailers), and their strategies regarding nutrition and safety
Seed fund research in Peru
Research partner: • Nutritional
Research Institute (Lima, Peru)
Research location• San Juan de
Lurigancho, District of Lima (pop: 1.1M)
Implementation plan (2013-14) What? When?
Elaborate collaborative research plan with IIN
June
Review existing information on consumer diets
June-Aug
Design data collection tools for households, businesses
Aug
Collect household level data (n=40) Sept-DecCollect data from businesses Sept-DecAnalysis and report writing Jan
ConclusionsImplementation challenges
• Complexity: multi-actor, multi-product, multi-discipline -- need for
critical feedback/reflection, iterative development of conceptual
framework
• Leaving comfort zone: intensive collaboration with IIN in all
aspects of consumer data collection and analysis
• Site selection (and potential trade-offs) Lima: greater potential for impact rural livelihoods, but nutrition generally
better in Lima than elsewhere
Outside Lima: greater potential to address nutrition, but smaller markets, with
less economic activity (Huánuco as potential alterative)
Looking forward…
• Potential to contribute to the emerging debates on VCs and
nutrition through on-the-ground R&D
• Potential to contribute to debates on developing VCs that link
smallholders to growing urban markets
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