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Sentence Structure:Sentence Structure:Sentence TypesSentence Types
Sentence TypesSentence Types
SimpleSimpleCompoundCompoundComplexComplexCompound-ComplexCompound-Complex
Basic ElementsBasic Elementsof of
Every SentenceEvery Sentence
SUBJECT PREDICATE
Basic ElementsBasic Elements
Mary plays tennis.
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SIMPLE SENTENCESIMPLE SENTENCE
Mary plays tennis.
SUBJECT PREDICATE
one subject one predicate
Simple SentenceSimple Sentence
play tennis.Tom and Mary
Compound Subject
&
Simple SentenceSimple Sentence
play tennis and swim.Tom and Mary
Compound Subject Compound Predicate
& &
SIMPLE SENTENCESIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subjectwith compound subject
Tom and Mary play tennis.
SIMPLE SENTENCESIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subject with compound subject
andandcompound predicatecompound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
Compound SentenceCompound Sentence with withCoordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SUBJECT PREDICATE
and
Compound SentenceCompound Sentence
Tom swims,
Mary plays tennis.
and
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Comma before “and” in compound
sentences!
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBSCONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
MOREOVER
HOWEVER
OTHERWISE
THEREFORE
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBSCONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBSCONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Note: Semicolon before conjunctiveadverb and comma after conjunctive adverb!
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Conjunctive Adverbs “float”Conjunctive Adverbs “float”
Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE,AT THE END AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE,AT THE END
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
SemicolonsSemicolons
“If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COMPOUND SENTENCE:SEMICOLONSEMICOLON
Matt has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic.
Complex SentenceComplex Sentence
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SUBJECT PREDICATE
even though
Complex SentenceComplex Sentence
Bob is popular
he is ugly.
even though
COMPLEX SENTENCE:COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether,” and while."
COMPLEX SENTENCE:COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Dependent
COMPLEX SENTENCE:COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSSUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Dependent Independent
Examples of complex sentencesExamples of complex sentences
If If the paperwork arrives on timethe paperwork arrives on time,, your your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday. cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
AfterAfter she had learned to drive she had learned to drive,, Alice felt Alice felt more independent. more independent.
Gerald had to begun his thesis over again Gerald had to begun his thesis over again when when his computer crashed. his computer crashed.
I wondered I wondered whetherwhether the homework was the homework was necessary necessary (or not)(or not). .
Compound-Complex SentenceCompound-Complex Sentence
Mike is popular
he is good looking,
because
he is not very happy.
but
Examples of compound-complex sentencesExamples of compound-complex sentences
Naoki passed the test Naoki passed the test becausebecause he studied he studied hard hard and and understood the material.understood the material.
The package arrived in the morningThe package arrived in the morning, but, but the courier left the courier left beforebefore I could check the I could check the contents.contents.
There are many problems to solve There are many problems to solve beforebefore this program can be usedthis program can be used, but, but engineers engineers
believe believe thatthat they will be able to solve they will be able to solve them soon.them soon.
Analyze these sentencesAnalyze these sentences
1.1. Ottawa is the capital of Canada, Ottawa is the capital of Canada, but Toronto is the capital of but Toronto is the capital of Ontario.Ontario.
2.2. Democracy is a noble goal; it is Democracy is a noble goal; it is important, however, to protect the important, however, to protect the minority from the tyranny of the majority.minority from the tyranny of the majority.
3.3. Unless my girlfriend postpones Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit from Calgary, I will not her visit from Calgary, I will not have time to study for my examhave time to study for my exam..
4.4. Susanne wanted to be here, but Susanne wanted to be here, but she cannot come because her car she cannot come because her car is in the shop.is in the shop.
5.5. The football game was cancelled The football game was cancelled because it was raining.because it was raining.
6.6. The football game was cancelled The football game was cancelled because of the rain.because of the rain.
7.7. The Island was filled with many trails The Island was filled with many trails winding through the thick underbrush, winding through the thick underbrush, a small lake, and dangerous wild pigs. a small lake, and dangerous wild pigs.
ReferencesReferences
Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999.
The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.
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