semester final 2012

SEMESTER FIN

AL

2012AP PSYCHOLOGY

• Summarize the nature-nurture debate.

• What was the major argument between the early philosophers? Identify who was on each side of the argument.

“Correlation is NOT!”

• A measure of the extent to which 2 variables relate to each other• Provide an example of:•Positive=

•Negative=

• The professor who established the first psychology lab, employing the method of introspection (structuralism)

• What is the difference between dependent variable & independent variable? (be sure you can identify these!)

What is the experimental procedure in which both subjects and researchers are ignorant about the control & experimental groups?

• Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating the situation

• Observation technique in which one person is studies in depth to identify universal principles

• Identify:•Mean•Median•Mode• These are all measures of

• Tendency to search for information that agrees with our ideas & evade evidence that contradicts our ideas

• Perceiving a relationship between two things where none exists.

• The tendency to believe that we could have foreseen the outcome of an event

• Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. What is the function of each?

• Areas of the cerebral cortex involved in learning & thinking

• Define neurotransmitter. Give 4 examples & what each is responsible for.

• Where are the Broca’s Area & Wernicke’s Area located? What does each control?

• Impairment of language (either speaking or hearing)

• Name 2 areas that, if damaged, can cause this

• Which limbic system structure controls hunger, sex drive, thirst, temperature?

• Identify the differences between identical twins & fraternal twins.

• Complete set of instructions for making an organism; consists of all the genetic material in organism’s chromosomes

• Which body functions is/are controlled by the “little brain?”

• Explain the difference between gender-role, gender-schema, & gender-type.

• Other than identical genes, what else do identical twins have in common?

• Name four ways in which scientists can “see” what is happening in our brain.

• What does each detect?

• What are the 2 theories of color vision?

• What are afterimages?

• Contrast absolute threshold & difference threshold.

• We have a tendency to group things together. This is known as

• List & explain 4 ways we do this.

• List & define the monocular cues of perception.

• Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

• Perceiving objects as unchanging (lightness, color, shape, size) even as retinal image changes

• Focusing your conscious awareness on a particular stimulus•Ex: if you are texting in class you are probably not really paying attention to the lecture

• The central focal point in the retina in which cones are concentrated

• What do cones detect?

• A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the brain computes distance by comparing images from both eyeballs

• Describe signal detection theory.

• What sense coordinates with the cerebellum & cochlea to be responsible for balance?

• What is the biological explanation for our learning? (hint: it has an abbreviation)

• What is the formula for classical conditioning?

• Make sure you can identify these!

• Pioneer of behaviorist school of learning; almost as famous as his dog!

• What is the “Law of Effect?”

• Whose idea?

• Contrast the 4 schedule of reinforcement

• An operant conditioning process in which reinforcers guide behavior closer & closer toward the desired behavior

• The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

• Contrast operant & classical conditioning

• Identify the important individuals associated with each

• Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others•Name the study & experimenter

• The tendency, after conditioning, for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses

• Another term for observational learning

• Principle of concrete operational thought (Piaget); properties of an object (mass, volume) remain constant despite changes in form

• A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; according to Piaget, young children develop these

• Processing sensory input by encoding its meaning

• Clinging to one’s initial beliefs even after they have been discredited

• What is the difference between proactive interference & retroactive interference?

• Mental short—cuts to problem solving (it is prone to errors)

• Explain both types

• Which types of memory are processed by the:•Hippocampus•Cerebellum•Amygdala

o What occurs in each of the different stages of language development?

• Organizing items into familiar manageable units in order to remember them

• Provide an example

• Attributing an event we have heard or read about to our own experience; source of false memories

What is the 3 step process of memory?

• Define: phonememorphemesyntaxsemantics

• Why is each important in language development?

• The best example of a concept in a category (your mental image)

• Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, problem-solving, & communicating

• Contrast recall & recognition.

• What are “mnemonics devices?” Give an example.

• When is the “critical period” for learning a language?

• What happens if a language is not acquired during this time?

• Why do we “forget?” (make sure you can explain this!)

• Tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list.

• Identify & explain the 3 major theories of language development (and the theorist).

• Type of study that tests the same subjects at different points over the course of their lives

• Name the psychologist who developed each theory:•Moral Development•Cognitive Development•Psychosocial Development

• Process by which animals (ducks, geese, monkeys…) form attachments during an early critical period

• Identify & contrast the 3 parenting styles.

• Name 2 primary sex characteristics and 2 secondary sex characteristics

• Which reproductive event is signaled by a reduction in estrogen levels in women?

• List the 3 levels of moral development identified by Kohlberg. Explain each.

• An emotional tie with another person•Shown by young children toward caregiver (and by Harlow’s baby monkeys!)•Who else conducted research on this when mothers would leave the room and child’s reaction when mother returned?

• How are nutrients and oxygen transferred from a mother to her fetus?

• Contrast achievement and aptitude tests

• Identify the 4 major theories of intelligence & the founder of each.

• How is the IQ calculated?