semester 2, day 10. agenda complete homework review for quiz turn in homework take quiz lecture...
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Semester 2, Day 10
Agenda Complete Homework Review for Quiz Turn in Homework Take Quiz Lecture on Genotype, Phenotype, and Natural
Selection Reading/Work Time
Complete Homework 30 minutes Questions
13.1 #1-5 13.2 #1-5 13.3 #1-5 Chapter 13 Assessment #1-15, 17-21
Review for Quiz Define:
Genetic Engineering
Transgenic Organism
Cloning
T-DNA
Know the steps of what Agrobacterium tumefaciens does in nature
(transformation of plant cell)
Three examples of genetic engineering
Where should DNA be inserted in order to affect the ENTIRE organism?
Know the steps of cloning and why the lamb is a clone of the “heart”
sheep.
Turn in Homework
Take Quiz Silence during quiz Eyes on your own paper Put pencil down when finished.
Mendelian Genetics Gregor Mendel: Austrian monk & plant
breeder. Considered the father of genetics due to his findings in breeding pea plants in 1866.
Image Source: commons.wikimedia.org
Mendelian Genetics Inheritance / Heredity: Passing of traits to the next
generation. Genetics: Study of heredity.
Image Source: www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de
Mendelian Genetics Mendel’s Work
Mendel determined there must be 2
forms of a trait in pea plants
alleles!
Same Trait: Color
Different Alleles: Yellow or Green
Also said the trait seen in F1 =
dominant, while masked (hidden)
trait in F1 = recessive.
Dominant Allele: Yellow
Recessive Allele: Green
Dominant allele is labeled with a
capital letter and the recessive
allele is labeled with the
corresponding lower case letter.
Yellow (Dominant): Y
Green (Recessive): y
Generation
Parental (P)(Pure-Breeding)
First FilialGeneration (F1)
Second FilialGeneration (F2)
xYellow Green
All Yellow
6022 Yellow: 2001 Green= 3:1
Mendelian Genetics Genotype: the organism’s allele pair
Zygosity: the similarity of alleles for a trait
Phenotype: observable characteristic of
allele pair
Homozygous Dominant Genotype
Phenotype
Heterozygous Genotype Phenotype
Homozygous Recessive Genotype
Phenotype
ExampleY = yellow pea colory = green pea color
Genotype Zygosity Phenoty
pe
Y Y
Homozygous Dominant Yellow
Y yHeterozygous
Yellow
yy
Homozygous Recessive Green
“Same” “Dominant Alleles”
“Same” “Recessive Alleles”
“Different Alleles”
Y Y = “Dominant” “Dominant” = Yellow “Yellow” “Yellow”
Y y = “Dominant” “Recessive” = Yellow “Yellow” “Green”(Dominant allele masks recessive allele)
y y = “Recessive” “Recessive” = Green “Green” “Green”(No dominant allele to mask recessive)
Evolution Change in a group of organisms over many
generations CANNOT OCCUR IN AN INDIVIDUAL! 5 Mechanisms of Evolution:
Natural Selection Mutations Gene Flow Genetic Drift Nonrandom Mating
Darwin
Father of Natural Selection
Sailed to the Galapagos
Islands
Each island: unique finch
species
Hypothesis: new species
can appear gradually
through small changes over
time
Artificial Selection: pigeon
breeders exaggerate traits
over time.
Evolution Organism: living individual
Need water, food, and a place to live Fitness: ability to survive and reproduce (tall
vs. short)
Natural Selection Species: group of similar organisms capable of
interbreeding (mules are not a species) Individual: single organism in a species Population: many of those individual in same
place
Natural Selection
Some are better
equipped for survival
than others.
Those less equipped
die and don’t
reproduce.
Over time, “good”
traits “build up” until
we have a new
species (can’t breed
with previous
generations)
Basic Principles of Natural Selection 1 – Variation
Individuals differ from one another
2 – Heritability Variations passed
down 3 – Overproduction
More offspring produced than can survive
4 – Reproductive Advantage Some survive and
reproduce more
Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype: The allele pair Phenotype: What you see
Genotype Zygosity Phenoty
pe
B B Homozygous Dominant Brown
B b Heterozygous Brown
b b Homozygous Recessive Green
Natural Selection worksOn PHENOTYPE, not
on GENOTYPE!!!
Types of Natural Selection 4 Types
Stabilizing Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection Sexual Selection
Natural Selection Stabilizing Selection Example: Human Birth
Weight Average is most “fit”, extremes are selected
against
Natural Selection Disruptive Selection Example: Bunnies
Both extremes are most “fit”, average is selected against
Natural Selection Directional Selection Example: Giraffes
One extreme is most “fit”,other extreme is selected against
Natural Selection Sexual Selection Example: Peacocks and
Antelopes Traits that give an organism a better chance at
mating get passed on more to later generations Peacocks: prettier feathers to attract females Antelopes: fiercer fighting to obtain males
Reading/Work Time Cornell Notes:
Pages 392-397 (stop BEFORE “Adaptations: Evidence for Evolution”)
Pages 404-409 (stop BEFORE “The Evolution of Species”)
Questions: 15.1 #1, 5 15.2 #1 Chapter 15 Assessment #2, 6, 9, 11, 16, 18-20
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