seizure recognition, seizure types, first aid and safety
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SEIZURE RECOGNITION, SEIZURE TYPES, FIRST AID
AND SAFETYCharuta Joshi MBBS, FRCPC
Director of pediatric epilepsyUIHC
ObjectivesAt the end of this lecture the participants will be able to:Define a seizure
Recognize different types of seizures
Define epilepsy
Know basic steps involved in seizure first aid
Name 2 different medications used on the site to treat seizures in the prehospital setting
Be familiar with ketogenic diet as therapy for seizures
What is a seizureSeizure recognition• A clinical manifestation of :• Abnormal• Excessive• Paroxysmal• Electrical discharge in neurons
Seizure recognition
• Stereotyped• Repetitive• If unsure video tape events• Ask pediatrician to see
Seizure recognition
• Spectrum of findings
Generalized seizures
Simple partial seizures
Complex partial seizures
Seizure recognitionsimple partial seizures• Localization
Seizure recognitionGeneralized• Absence• Myoclonic• Tonic• Generalized tonic clonic
How important is it to be sure about a seizure
First seizure clinic results
• 127 children• 94 were given diagnosis of epilepsy in first
seizure clinic• 36 had suffered at least one previous seizure
( 15 unrecognized by family as a seizure)• 31 – non epileptic events• Unclassified in 2
Differential diagnosis
Investigations after a first unprovoked seizure
Investigations
Yield of neuroimaging(Shinnar et al 2001)
What is epilepsy
• Tendency to have recurrent, unprovoked seizures
• 2 or more unprovoked seizures separated by 24 hours
Questions parents have after seizures
• Will it happen again?• How long do I have to wait for a recurrence?• Could my child die during a recurrence?• Could there be brain damage due to
recurrence• If medication treatment is delayed will there
be change in long-term chance of permanent remission?
Recurrence risks
• Recurrence rate at 2 years 40-50%
• Half the recurrences are within 6 months of initial seizure
• 80% of 5 year recurrence risk stabilizes by 2 years out
Risk factors for recurrence• Remote symptomatic etiology
• Abnormal EEG ( any spikes, generalized spike wave, focal or generalized slowing)
• Occurrence of seizure during sleep state (increases chance of recurrence)= lower morbidity than during daytime seizure
• Risk of recurrence after 2 seizures is 80%
Do you treat a first seizure
• Treatment reduces the risk of a second seizure by 50% at 2 years
• Immediate treatment DOES NOT reduce risk of long term seizures
• Treated and untreated groups have a 64% chance of 5 year remission at 10 years (MESS study)
• Risk of toxicity, allergic reaction, cognitive side effects
Risks of morbidity/ mortality due to seizures- could my child die??• 692 children in Nova Scotia ( Camfield 2002)• Followed =20 years• 26 deaths• 1 from status• 1 from SUDEP as an adult at age 22 years
Could my child die• Dutch study of childhood epilepsy ( Callenbach 2001) • 472 children followed for 5 years• 9 deaths• None from epilepsy• Connecticut study ( Berg 2004)• 613 children followed for 7.8 years• 13 deaths• 1=status• 1=SUDEP
When does immediate treatment matter• When risks of recurrent seizures outweigh
benefits of withholding treatment ( adults)• Cyanotic congenital heart disease in a child
Seizure first aid
• ABCs• Stay calm• Don’t leave patient alone• Lateral position if possible• Don’t restrain• Nothing in mouth• Call 911
Seizure safety
• Maximize quality of life• Water safety• Safety on roads• High structures• Medic alert, seizure beds, seizure dogs, baby
monitors
Seizure precautions
• Regular sleep• Alcohol• Infections• Photic stimulation• Substances of abuse Sports participation has not been shown to
increase risk of seizures
Prehospital treatment of seizures
Time definition of convulsive status
epilepticus
0 5 15 30
Most seizures stop
Operational definition of
status
Optimum time to start therapy
Medications used for prehospital treatment• Diazepam• Midazolam• Lorazepam
Prehospital treatment
midazolam
Lorazepam
• 2mg/ml Intensol• Indicated for anxiety
Faves…
Moving on to a different discussion now…
Ketogenic diet
• UIHC= The only center in the state • 30-40 active patients• Dedicated dieticianKarla Mracek• Dedicated ARNPTiffany Rickertsen
Historical anecdotes
History• Mac Fadden 1899- magazine
Physical Culture• Medical profession= Organized
fraud• People who follow MacFadden’s
rules would live to 120 years• Since much of the body’s energy
is wasted in digesting food, if no food is provided, more energy can be applied to recovering health
• Dr Conklin-osteopath in Battlecreek , Mi
• Used diet in epilepsy
Mr MacFadden• Physical culture
Historical anecdotes
• Conklin’s work( intestinal epilepsy- toxin release from glands= seizures)
• Conklin’s fast 18-21 days ( or as long as they could stand it)
Historical anecdotes
• Dr Geyelin worked at Johns Hopkins= confirmed Conklin's findings
• Dr BJ Wilder= fat can be used to break fast= no seizures
Charlie foundation
Charlie Foundation• Mr Jim Abrahams • Sought help from Johns
Hopkins for his son Charlie• Seizure free today after
several medications and neurologists
Movie
Since then…
Indications
Mechanisms of actionNot exactly known• Ketone bodies= antiepilepsy properties• PUFAs= membrane stabilization• Antioxidative/ antiinflammatory• Uncoupling of oxidative
phosphorylation( better energy utilization)
Types of ketogenic diet
• Classic ketogenic diet= 4:1 ratio• MCT oil diet ( less restrictive)• Modified Atkins diet=15-20 gm carbs/day• Low Glycemic index diet=60 gm carbs/day
Ketogenic diet
Most kids not fat… Results• 50-60% improve• Almost 100% improve –
Doose , GLUT1ContraindicatedFatty acid oxidation defect
Thank You !!
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