sedimentary rocks · 2016-11-27 · types of sedimentary rocks •clastic-made of fragments of...

Sedimentary Rocks

A Sedimentary Rock is…..

rock formed from the lithification or

crystallization of:

1. Minerals in solution

2. Organic remains

3. Materials produced by living

things (biochemical)

4. Clastic Sediments (rock

fragments of all sizes)

Lithification-to harden and form rock

(Deposition, Compaction, Cementation)

Silica Crystals

Crystallization- Solidification of

dissolved minerals from solution.

Types of Sedimentary Rocks

• Clastic-Made of fragments of other

rocks.

• Chemical-Made from dissolved minerals.

• Biochemical-Made by living things, but

was never alive (seashells).

• Organic-Made of the organic remains of

living things.

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks- Gravel Conglomerate

from gravel

from mud

from sand

Clastic

Sedimentary

Rocks

Conglomerate

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks- Gypsum

Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks- Biochemical Limestone

Organic Sedimentary Rocks- Coal

Swamp

Sediment- Rock fragments, dissolved

minerals and remains of living and

nonliving parts of plants and animals.

Clastic Sediments- Fragments of

pre-existing rock.

Sediments from here

Sand Bar

Alluvial Fan

Gravel Bar

Tallus Pile

Glacial Sediment

Glacial Till

Chemical Sediments- Minerals in

solution in water.

Biochemical Sediments-

Nonliving remains of plants and

animals.

Organic Sediments-remains of

the living tissues of plants and

animals.

Peat- Plant remains

Sedimentary Rocks are

identified by their horizontal

layers called…….

Sediments Are Classified Based On:

1. Origin and Composition (What

they are made of).

Sediment Classification I

Rock Fragments

Organic Remains

Biochemical Remains

Chemical Sediments

2. Size of the sediment (clastic

sediments range in size from clay to

boulders)

Sediment Classification II

B

o

u

l

d

e

r

s

Cobbles

Cobble Stones

Gravel

Pebbles

S

a

n

d

Silt

Clay Sediments

Sediment Production

Sediments are produced by:

Weathering (breaking down) and Erosion

(transport) of

Parent material

by:

Chemical and Physical Processes.

Weathering by wind-blown sand (Physical weathering)

Weathering and Erosion by Glacier (physical)

Glacier

Scrapes

Weathering by Ice Wedging

(Physical)

Exfoliation

(Physical)

Weathering by Living Things

(Biomechanical/Physical)

Chemical Weathering by water

Chemical Weathering of Limestone

Weathering by Living Things

(Biochemical)

Sediment Transport

Sediments are transported from:

Source to Location of Deposition

by:

Wind, Water, Gravity, Ice and Volcanic-

Eruption

Transport Mechanisms

Wind

Water

Ice

Gravity

Volcanic Eruption

Sediment Characteristics

Determined by:

Extent of Weathering

Duration of Weathering

Type of Transport

Distance of Transport

Clastic Sedimentary Rock

Classification

Clastic Sedimentary rocks are classified

based upon:

Grain Size

Grain Shape

Grain Size

Clastic Sedimentary Rock

Classification: Grain Shape

Jagged Clastic Sediments

Conglomerate

How Sedimentary Rocks are Formed

Step 1: Sediment Production

Mechanical

Weathering

Chemical

Weathering

Biomechanical

Weathering

Biochemical

Weathering

Step 2: Sediment Transport

Wind

Water

Glaciers

Gravity

Volcanic Eruption

Shaping of Sediments

Step 4: Sorting of Clastic

Sediments

Sorting of Sediments

Sediments are Sorted by their Transport

Agents According to:

S I z e of the Sediment

Very Poorly Sorted Very Well Sorted

Sorting of Sediments

Poorly Sorted Clastic Sediments

Sorting of Sediments: Glaciers

Step 5:Lithification:

Deposition

Deposition (to lay down) happens when:

-the Transport Agent no longer has the energy/force

required to carry the Sediment

Determined by:

-Size/Weight of Sediments

-Amount of Energy/Force in Transport Agent

Step 6:

Lithification: Compaction

Step 7:

Lithification: Cementation

Conglomerates, Sandstone and

Shale

Clastic Sedimentary Rock

Names: Particle Size and Shape

The name of a Clastic Sedimentary Rock is

determined by the size and shape of the

sediments that make up the rock.

Clastic Sedimentary Rock Names:

Particle SizeSediment

Gravel Sand SiltClay

Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone Shale

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Sandstone

Siltstone

Mudstone

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Mudstone and

Siltstone

Arkose

Sedimentary Rocks of

Chemical Origin

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Precipitation and Evaporation

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Evaporites

Gypsum

Halite

Travertine Stalactites

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Evaporites

Salt Flats

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Carbonates

The Carbonate Sedimenatary Rocks are

composed of mostly Calcium Carbonate.

The Carbonates are divided into:

Inorganic Carbonates

And

Biochemical Carbonates (contains remains of

living things)

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Inorganic Carbonates

Travertine

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Inorganic Carbonates

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Inorganic Carbonates

Travertine

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Inorganic Carbonates

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Inorganic Carbonate

Travertine

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Inorganic Carbonates

Inorganic Limestone

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Silica-based Sedimentary Rocks

Chert (Flint)

Nodules

Geodes

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Biochemical Carbonates

Stromatolitic Limestone Biochemical Limestone

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Biochemical Carbonates

Biochemical Limestone

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks:

Biochemical Carbonates

CoquinaChalk

Chalk Cliffs

Sedimentary Rocks of Organic

Origin

Organic Sedimentary Rocks:

Coal

Sedimentary Formations

Stratification

Graded Bedding

Cross-Bedding

Bedding Planes not Parallel

Ripple Marks

Beach

River

M

u

d

c

r

a

c

k

s

Mud Cracks

Fossils

Fossils: Molds

Fossils: Casts