section a: personal computer basics chapter 2
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11.10.2011
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Computer HardwareComputer Hardware
Chapter 2Chapter 2
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Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 2
Chapter Contents
�Section A: Personal Computer Basics
�Section B: Microprocessors and Memory
�Section C: Storage Devices
�Section D: Input and Output Devices
�Section E: Hardware Security
2SECTION A
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 3
Personal Computer BasicsPersonal Computer Basics
�Personal Computer Systems
�Desktop and Portable Computers
�Home, Media, Game, and Small Business Systems
�Buying Computer System Components
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Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 4
Personal Computer Systems
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Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 5
Desktop and Portable Computers
�The term form factor refers to the size and dimensions of a component, such as a system board or system unit
�A desktop computer fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outlet
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Desktop and Portable Computers
�A portable computer is a small, lightweight personal computer
�A notebook computer (also referred to as a laptop), is a small, lightweight portable computer that opens like a clamshell to reveal a screen and keyboard
�A tablet computer is a portable computing device featuring a touch-sensitive screen that can be used as a writing or drawing pad
�An ultra-mobile PC (UMPC) is a small form factor tablet computer designed to run most of the software available for larger portable computers
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Desktop and Portable Computers 2
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 8
Home, Media, Game, and Small Business Systems
�A home computer system offers a hardware platform with adequate, but not super-charged support for most computer applications
�A Media Center PC includes components for integrating computers, televisions, home theaters, and audio systems
�Some of the most cutting-edge computers are designed for gaming
�Computers marketed for small business applications tend to be middle-of-the-line models pared down to essentials
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Buying Computer System Components
�Browse through computer magazines and online computer stores to get a general idea of features and prices
�Decide on a budget and stick to it
�Make a list of the ways you plan to use your computer
�Select a platform
�Decide on a form factor
�Select peripherals, software, and accessories
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Buying Computer System Components
�Instead of buying a new computer, you might consider upgrading
2SECTION B
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 11
Microprocessors and MemoryMicroprocessors and Memory
�Microprocessor Basics
�Today’s Microprocessors
�Random Access Memory
�Read-only Memory
�EEPROM
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�A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions
– Most expensive component of a computer
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Microprocessor Basics
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Microprocessor Basics
�Front side bus– HyperTransport
�Microprocessor clock– Megahertz– Gigahertz
�Word size�Cache
– Level 1 cache (L1)– Level 2 cache (L2)
�CISC vs. RISC technology
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Microprocessor Basics
�Serial processing
– Pipelining
�Parallel processing
�Multi-core processor
�Hyper-Threading Technology
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Today’s Microprocessors 2
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 16
Random Access Memory
�Random Access Memory is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system
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Random Access Memory
�Microscopic capacitors hold the bits that represent data
�Most RAM is volatile
– Requires electrical power to hold data
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Random Access Memory
�RAM capacity is expressed in megabytes or gigabytes
�Personal computers typically feature between 256MB and 2GB of RAM
�An area of the hard disk, called virtual memory, can be used if an application runs out of allocated RAM
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Random Access Memory
�RAM speed is often expressed in nanoseconds or megahertz
�SDRAM is fast and relatively inexpensive
– DDR or DDR2
�RDRAM is more expensive, and usually found in high-performance workstations
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Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 20
Read-Only Memory
�ROM is a type of memory circuitry that holds the computer’s startup routine
– Permanent and non-volatile
�The ROM BIOS tells the computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and load it into RAM
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EEPROM
�Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
�More permanent than RAM, and less permanent than ROM
�Requires no power to hold data
2SECTION C
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 22
Storage DevicesStorage Devices
�Storage Basics
�Magnetic Disk and Tape Technology
�CD and DVD Technology
�Solid State Storage
�Storage Wrap-up
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Storage Basics
�A storage medium contains data
�A storage device records and retrieves data from a storage medium
– Data gets copied from a storage device into RAM, where it waits to be processed
– Processed data is held temporarily in RAM before it is copied to a storage medium
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Magnetic Disk and Tape Technology
�Magnetic storage stores data by magnetizing microscopic particles on the disk or tape surface
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Magnetic Disk and Tape Technology
Hard disk platters and read-
write heads are sealed inside
the drive case or cartridge to screen out dust and other
contaminants.
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�A controller positions the disk and read-write heads to locate data– SATA
– Ultra ATA
– EIDE
– SCSI
�Not as durable as many other storage technologies– Head crash
Magnetic Disk and Tape Technology
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Magnetic Disk and Tape Technology
�A floppy disk is a round piece of flexible mylar plastic covered with a thin layer of magnetic oxide and sealed inside a protective casing
�A tape drive is a device that reads data from and writes data to a long stream of recordable media similar to the tapes used in audio cassettes
�A tape is a sequential storage medium
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CD and DVD Technology
�Optical storage stores data as microscopic light and dark spots on the disk surface
– CD and DVD storage technologies
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CD and DVD Technology
�Today’s DVD drives typically have 16X speeds for a data transfer rate of 177.28 Mbps
�Three categories of optical technologies
– Read-only (ROM)
– Recordable (R)
– Rewritable (RW)
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CD and DVD Technology
�CD-DA
�DVD-Video
�CD-ROM
�DVD-ROM
�CD-R
�DVD+R or DVD-R
�CD-RW
�DVD+RW or DVD-RW
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CD and DVD Technology 2
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 32
Solid State Storage
�Solid state storage technology stores data in an erasable, rewritable circuitry
�Non-volatile
�Card reader may be required to read data on solid state storage
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Solid State Storage
� A USB flash drive is a portable storage device that plugs directly into a computer’s USB port using a built-in connector
� A U3 drive is a special type of USB flash drive that is preconfigured to autoplay when it is inserted into a computer
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Storage Wrap-up
Most desktop computers have
several drive bays, some
accessible from outside thecase, and others—designed for
hard disk drives—without anyexternal access. Empty drive
bays are typically hidden from
view with a face plate.
2 Storage Wrap-up
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 35
2SECTION D
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 36
Input and Output DevicesInput and Output Devices
�Basic Input Devices
�Display Devices
�Printers
�Installing Peripheral Devices
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Basic Input Devices
�Keyboard
�Pointing device
– Pointing stick
– Trackpad
– Trackball
– Joystick
�Touch-sensitive screen
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Display Devices
�A CRT display device uses a bulky glass tube
�An LCD manipulates light within a layer of liquid crystal cells
�Plasma screen technology illuminates lights arranged in a panel-like screen
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Display Devices
�Viewable image size
�Dot pitch
�Viewing angle width
�Refresh rate
�Color depth
�Resolution
– VGA, SVGA, XGA, SXGA, UXGA, and WUXGA
2 Display Devices
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 40
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Display Devices
�Graphics circuitry generates the signals for displaying an image on the screen
– Integrated graphics
– Graphics card
– Graphics processing unit (GPU)
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Printers
�An ink-jet printer has a nozzle-like print head that sprays ink onto paper
�A laser printer works like a photocopier
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Printers
Laser printers are a popular
technology when high-volume
output or good-quality printoutsare required.
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Printers
�Dot matrix printers produce characters and graphics by using a grid of fine wires
– The wires strike a ribbon and the paper
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Printers
�Printer features– Resolution
– Print speed
– Duty cycle
– Operating costs
– Duplex capability
– Memory
– Networkability
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Installing Peripheral Devices
�Many new devices can be connected to an external USB port
�The data bus moves data within the computer
�Expansion cards are small circuit boards that give the computer additional capabilities– Expansion slot
• ISA
• PCI
• AGP
– PC slot• PC card
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Installing Peripheral Devices
An expansion card simply slides
into an expansion slot and is
secured with a small screw. Before you open the case, make sure you
unplug the computer and groundyourself—that’s technical jargon
for releasing static electricity by
using a special grounding wristbandor by touching both hands to a metal
object.
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Installing Peripheral Devices
�An expansion port passes data in and out of a computer or peripheral device
�Peripheral device may include the Plug and Play feature, or require a device driver
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Installing Peripheral Devices 2SECTION E
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 50
Hardware SecurityHardware Security
�Anti-theft Devices
�Surge Protection and Battery Backup
�Basic Maintenance
�Troubleshooting and Repair
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Anti-Theft Devices 2
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 52
Surge Protection and Battery Backup
�A power surge is a sudden increase or spike in electrical energy, affecting the current that flows to electrical outlets
�A surge strip is a device that contains electrical outlets protected by circuitry that blocks surges and spikes
�A UPS is a device that not only provides surge protection, but also furnishes your computer with battery backup power during a power outage
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Surge Protection and Battery Backup
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Basic Maintenance
�Computer component failures can be caused by manufacturing defects and other circumstances beyond your control
�Keep the keyboard clean
�Clean your computer screen on a regular basis
�Keep the area clean around your computer
�Make sure fans are free of dust
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Basic Maintenance
Carefully use a Q-tip and a can
of compressed air or a vacuum
cleaner to remove dust anddebris from your keyboard.
Some liquids are difficult to remove. That can of pop?
Better to keep it away from
your keyboard.
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Troubleshooting and Repair
�There are several telltale signs that your computer is in trouble
– Failure to power up
– Loud beep
– Blue screen of death
�Windows Help and Support
�Safe Mode
2 Troubleshooting and Repair
Chapter 2: Computer Hardware 57
Chapter 2 CompleteChapter 2 Complete
Computer HardwareComputer Hardware
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