section 2 appearance and formation of modern geographical environment
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Section 2 Appearance and Formation of Modern Geographical EnvironmentSection 2 Appearance and Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
Demonstrate by CAI
Formation of Modern Geographical EnvironmentRelationship of Natural Events in Quatemary Period(Holocene and Pleistocene )
in China
Global event:Alternation of ice age and interglacial stage
Regional event:serious new tectonic movement
Trend of drought
Formation of modern monsoon
Uplift of Tibetan Plateau
Alternation of cold and warm period
Accumulation and erosion of loess
Withdraw and invasion of sea
Appearance and development of ancient human
Evolution’s trend in
three natural zones
全程 CAI 演示讲解
The pattern and extent of the uplift of Tibetan plateau
Two levels of platform are remained, which is the evident of land’s periodical
ascending in the tertiary period
The uplift is accelerating in the quartemary period
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
High planation surface altitude 5200-5300m Low planation surface altitude 4500-5000m
(modern altitude)
Mid term of Middle Pleistocene(1200-1800 000 a.B.P)Reached 3000m-critical altitude
Late term of Middle Pleistocene reached 3500-4000mEverest was 4500m
Late Pleistocene reached 4500mEverest was 6000m
Holocene reached modern altitude
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Tendency of regional drought in northwest
Current descending
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Tendency of regional drought in the cold and arid regions inside the Tibetan plateau
Vapor from the Pacific Ocean
Vapor from the Indian Ocean
Trend in coldness and drought in the Tibetan Plateau
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
Water vapor from Atlantic
Tendency of regional drought in Inner Mongolia and North China
Winter monsoon
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
Trend in coldness and drought in the Tibetan Plateau
Water vapor from Atlantic
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Formation of modern monsoon
The uplift of Tibetan Plateau’s influence on air current
As the uplift reaches the 3000 meters critical height, it has dynamic influence
Embranchment of winter and summer
monsoon
Embranchment of western monsoon
in winter
Stop the entrance of vapor from the Indian Ocean
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Alternation of cold and warm periods in China
stratum agesection Annual average temperature
Annual average precipitation
Oxygen isotope
Climate change Reflected from
the loess sequence2.4 million years ago
in Luochuang, Shaanxi
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
Malan Loess
Top part of Lishi Loess
Bottom
part of Lishi Loess
Weak weathered loess
Middle weathered loess
Strong weathered loess
Dark loessial soil
Carbonate drab soil
Drab soil
Alfisols drab soil
Brown drab soil
Desert Steppe Forest Steppe
Sequence of environmental
transition
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Alternation of cold(dry) and warm(wet) periods
in China
Gyration of clim
ate in the quartem
ary period in C
hina
Geology period
Climate period
Cold Warm Dry Wet
cold warm
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
Warm periodAnnual average temperature of the whole country was the sameor higher than that of modern times.Cold periodAnnual average temperature was much lower than that of modern times. Northwest and northeast temperature was lower 10-12ºC,reduced temperature was smaller in low latitude area, no more than 5ºC in South China. North climate fluctuation represented alternation of cold dry period and warm wet period;south represented alternation of non-rainfall period and rainfall period. 1
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全程 CAI 演示讲解
Relationship between sea level and natural zones in special periods in China
Alternation of cold and warm periods in China
Highest sea level
Lowest sea level
Change of Sea Level in the 200 Thousand Years in China
Pleniglacial Kataglacial Post-glacial period
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Natural Zone of the Pleniglacial in Esipleistocene(15 thousand a.B.P)
Cool temperate zone
Temperate zone Warm temperate zone
Subtropics
Frigid zone in plateau
Sea level
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Cold temperate zone in plateau
Temperate zone in plateau
Temperate and warm temperate zones
Wet and warm zone/subtropical zones
Subtropical zone/ tropical zone
Tropical zone
Sea level
Natural Zone in the Period with Proper Climate in Holocene Epoch
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
Appearance and development of ancient human
The origin of human and their culture are very complicated issues.We not only study the nature of materials and also research on natural environment of that time.
Paleoanthropologists Jia Lanpo
The origin of mankind?
Neither on Mongolia Plateau
nor in the southern part of East
Asia Continent, that is east of Pakistan
and the vast southwestern regions.
In Pakistan, India and Yunnan Province
had discovered a component of the
ape-human ancestor fossils. "Yuanmou Homo Erectus" found in 170 years ago, as far as I know,
is the world's first ancient human.
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
Birthplace of ancient human in China
Tooth fossil in Pleistocene stratum,1700 thousand a.B.P, was found in Yuanmou basin
Yuanmou County
Yuanmou Homo Erectus Site
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
One explanation about the ancient human
It suddenly became cold in the ice age, resulting the decrease of forest.
The new tectonic movement was rather active and intense.
With the complex landform, types of life environment increased
Forest habitat
Basin, forest
and plain habitat
Cold habitat
Ape-man reserved
Ape-man climbed down the trees,evolved into human being.
Ape-man died out.
全程 CAI 演示讲解
Formation of Modern Geographical Environment
Tendency of three natural zones’ evolution
Tendency Original background
Major influence
Typical monsoon
in the east
Drought In the
northwest
Coldness and drought in the Tibetan
plateau
Land-sea monsoon,relatively wet
Far from the sea, relatively dry, sparse plain, desertification
Subtropical forest plain
Enlargement of winter monsoon towards south
The west wind is somewhat controlling the movement of monsoon, especially in October and May
Monsoon temperature graph moved towards south, compared with others in the same latitude.
Cold current descendsVapor from oceans is impeded
Atmosphere subsidence and evaporation increase
More serious drought, with larger scale
Become drought insides as lack of vapor
Temperature decreases
Plateau monsoon was form
Larger annual temperature range and more precipitation in summer
Tibetan Plateau and Global Change(Influence as the Third Pole in the World)
Tibetan Plateau and Global Change(Influence as the Third Pole in the World)
1. Glacial Source in the Low and Mid Latitude
Series of global change is established through the accumulation of ice and snow.The ice-core rock could be compared with the south and north poles.
1. Glacial Source in the Low and Mid Latitude
Series of global change is established through the accumulation of ice and snow.The ice-core rock could be compared with the south and north poles.
ComplementarityComplementarity
2. Function of Pre-Forecasting
Ground temperature change ( 15,20,100 CM ) Forecast temperature change in 15-20 years
2. Function of Pre-Forecasting
Ground temperature change ( 15,20,100 CM ) Forecast temperature change in 15-20 years
3. A Huge Region with Little Human Activities &A Perfect Place for Research on Land Ecological
System
3. A Huge Region with Little Human Activities &A Perfect Place for Research on Land Ecological
System
4. Driver for Atmosphere Circumstance in the Northern Hemisphere
Formation of plateau monsoon and modern monsoon
Series of environmental evolution: wet in the subtropics, drought in northwest, formation of loess, appearance of ancient human
4. Driver for Atmosphere Circumstance in the Northern Hemisphere
Formation of plateau monsoon and modern monsoon
Series of environmental evolution: wet in the subtropics, drought in northwest, formation of loess, appearance of ancient human
5. Magnifier of Environmental Evolution
Sensitive to environmental change, especially the temperature
E.g. change of snowline, glacier, frozen earth, and natural zone
5. Magnifier of Environmental Evolution
Sensitive to environmental change, especially the temperature
E.g. change of snowline, glacier, frozen earth, and natural zone
6. An Extreme Environment with Low Temperature and Rare Oxygen Extinct resource: ice snow, coldness, light, wind, terrestrial heat, biology, and extreme ecology adaptation
6. An Extreme Environment with Low Temperature and Rare Oxygen Extinct resource: ice snow, coldness, light, wind, terrestrial heat, biology, and extreme ecology adaptation
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