section 10: stratospheric ozone

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� SECTION 10:

STRATOSPHERIC OZONE

http://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/10/24/good-news-2012-antarctic-ozone-hole-is-the-second-smallest-in-20-years/

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54. Earth's ozone layer, which contains about 90 percent of the ozone in the atmosphere, makes the planet habitable by absorbing harmful solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation before it reaches the planet's surface.

http://www.theozonehole.com/

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55.List (5) effects of UV radiation. (1) damages cells in low doses(2) radiation causes sunburn in low

doses(3) premature skin aging in low doses(4) skin cancer in high doses(5) immune system suppression in high

doses

Earth's stratospheric ozone layer absorbs 99 percent of incoming solar UV radiation.

http://www.theozonehole.com/ozone.htm

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56. Man discovered the ozone layer in the 1920s.57. Ozone is produced by different processes in the stratosphere, where it is beneficial, and near the Earth's surface in the troposphere, where it is harmful.

https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.ozonelayer

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� Section 12:

Major Laws and Treaties

http://w

ww.barnesandnoble.com

/w/im

plementation-of-

environmental-treaties-united-states-united-states-congress-senate-

committee/1030449422?ean=9781240960682

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58.The first international treaty to protect the ozone layer was signed in 1987.

What is the name of this protocol? Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer How many countries ratified this protocol?

190 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_large_blank_world_map_with_oceans_marked_in_blue.PNG

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What was the purpose of this protocol? Under it, industrialized countries phased out production of several classes of ozone-depleting substances by 1996, anddeveloping countries were to follow suit by 2010.

What (3) effects of ozone depletion does The World Bank estimate has been reduced under this protocol? cases of cancer, cases of eye cataracts, and severe damage to ecosystems from increased UV radiation reaching Earth's surface

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59.What does CAA stand for? The Clean Air Act

What is the purpose of the CAA?The purpose is to control airpollutants that are considered harmful to public health and the environment in the United States.

http://www.catskillmountainkeeper.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/dreamstime_xs_468623.jpg

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Cont. 59. Under the CAA the Environmental Protection Agency is directed to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) limiting major air pollutants to levels that will protect public health, including the health of sensitive groups such as children, the elderly, and people with respiratory illnesses. http://ecowatch.com/2012/04/17/epa-slated-to-protect-clean-air-nationwide-from-fracking-today/

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60.List the (6) "criteria pollutants" for which the EPA has established NAAQS.

(1) SO2(2) NO2(3) lead(4) carbon monoxide(5) particulate matter less than 10

micrometers and less than 2.5 micrometers (PM-10 and PM-2.5)

(6) ozone.

http://www.lcv.org/issues/the-clean-air-act/

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61.List (2) other responsibilities of the CAA. The CAA also (1)

defines major pollution sources, based on their emission levels, and (2) establishes rules governing when new emission sources can be built in polluted areas. Read the CAA.http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/

http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/

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62.What are some notable successes of the CAA?

CAA has reduced U.S. automobile emissionsconsiderably from pre-1970 levels, through mechanisms such as phasing out use of leaded gasoline and requiring car manufacturers to install catalytic converters.

http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/pdfs/unit11.pdf http://images.china.cn/attachement/jpg/site1007/20081128/0011111fa1560a9994e001.jpg

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63. U.S. SO2 emissions have fallen by roughly 50 percent since emissions trading was instituted, and the program is widely cited as an example of how this approach can work more effectively than technology mandates.

https://w

ww.dom

.com/about/environm

ent/report/so2-emissions.jsp

data from one company, Dominion, after addition of scrubbers