school and society in american history: the first hundred years
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Chapter 7
Regionally diverse by religion, economics, social organization
Common theme of education to strengthen morality, assist the growing economy, preserve the social order…a rationale far more practical than intellectual
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/british_colonies_1763-76.jpg
I think schooling is most important to
56%
44% 1. Rake the scholars from the rubbish
2. Educate the many, but not too much
I believe Satan is
An o
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ed s
upers
t...
Act
ive
in th
e af
fairs
..
A w
orkin
g met
aphor
16%
38%46%
1. An outdated superstitious idea
2. Active in the affairs of humans
3. A working metaphor
Old Deluder Satan Act of 1647…every town of 50 or more families to have a primary school and 100 or more families to have a Latin Grammar School
http://www.coe.uga.edu/sdpl/historyofedarchitecture/historyofedarchitecture_files/image002.jpg
By 1683 anyone with children under their guidance who had not learned to read and write by age twelve or learned a useful trade, was fined
http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/cp/vol-02/no-03/school/images/primer.gif
Dame schools Primers…reading books to advance
literacy and moral and religious lessons
http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/historians/images/kaestle4.jpg
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania…diversity of churches and languages and schools
Schools of Pennsylvania often taught in German…also many parochial schools run by Quakers
http://www.fwbo-news.org/uploaded_images/mitraloka_school_languages-771511.jpg
Children of the plantation often had tutors, sometimes boarding schools
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Sons of wealthy landowners often schooled in England or Europe
Females often were taught the womanly arts
Poor whites and all African Americans unschooled
Northwest Ordinance of 1785 required the Midwestern territories to set aside a section of land for education purposes…each township had a one-room school
Conscious effort to create a separate, American culture
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Noah Webster…the Blue Backed Speller and Dictionary
Emphasis on the practical and the moral… “you must seek rather to be good than wise.”
Limited “book learning”http://foolswisdom.com/users/sbett/blue-backed-spellingbook1857.gif
Horace Mann…to create a system of common schools that are available, equal, and with an “educational purpose truly common to all.”
Utopian period of transcendentalists, abolitionists, feminists, reconstructionistshttp://www.mackinac.org/media/images/2005/v2005-17a.jpg
School arguments appealed to “pocketbook” rationales: economic prosperity and social order
“Education beyond all other devices of human origin is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery.”
Non-sectarian Christianity…values common to all Christians
Upgraded preparation for teachers, state funded post secondary institutions to train elementary teachers
First normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts in 1839
http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/English/exhibits/education/pics/20881_prctice_tching_520.jpg
Age-based grades Special preparation for principal
teachers The “egg crate” school building The feminization of teaching…nurturing
rather than mastery
Amendment XIII abolishing slavery Amendments XIV and XV granting African
American males the rights and privileges of white males
But not the right to an equal or adequate education
http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Images/15th.jpg
Plessy v. Ferguson
http://www-tc.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/images/plessy.jpg?Log=0
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
http://library.duke.edu/uarchives/images/people/washington_bt-lc.jpghttp://www.africanamericanstudies.buffalo.edu/ANNOUNCE/niagaramovement/harpers/duboisportrait.jpg
Abigail Adams to husband John in 1776 For women who did not marry and were financially
independent, with Industrialization came new schools and academies for women
Emma Hart Willard…turn pampered women’s minds to social responsibility and good works
1848, Seneca Falls 1859, reliable condoms
http://www.nwhm.org/images/Education/Emma%20Willard.jpg
1890, National American Women’s Suffrage Association
1920, XIX Amendment, the right to vote 1972, Title IX of ESEA
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Several hundred treaties with Native American nations…including provisions for schooling
The goal of Christianizing the “savages” Carlisle Indian Industrial School
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Indian Reorganization Act of 1934…moving toward a “new deal”
1975, Indian Self-Determination and Education act
http://si.unm.edu/bern_2003/milano/milano_tl/1930.jpg
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