scada systems in tneb 221213 (1)

23.12.2013

S.NATARAJAN

AEE/SCADA/MADURAI

aeescadamdu@tnebnet.org

SCADA SYSTEMS IN TNEB

SESSION TOPICS• Introduction to SCADA• SCADA in TNEB• ULDC SCADA• DCC Visit• R-APDRP• DCC SCADA

WHAT IS SCADASCADA is the acronym stands for

SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION

A system which facilitates acquiring real time informationfrom a remote station there by aiding the operator to monitorand control the remote system.

Control and data acquisition can be from a single point or frommultiple points

EVOLUTION OF SCADAFirst generation SCADAsystems usedMainframe computers.Limited to a standalone version.between 1950-70’s

DistributedSCADA:(1970’s to Late1980’s).Used in LANEnvironment.Information betweenvarious units in thesame environmentshared on real time.Most of the systemswere usingproprietary protocols

NetworkedSCADA.It is thepresent dayTechnology usedby most of theUtilities Uses IPsupportedprotocols overWAN Fast andreliable

The Nextgeneration will beof usingwebservers andother modernweb tools. Will beusing more ITfriendly tools

WHERE DO WE USE SCADAPOWER sector

Buildingmanagementsystems (BMS)Aviation Oil & GasUtilities

PoliceDepartmentManufacturingunits with ICS

TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTIONGENERATION

PLC/DCS/ICS SCADA EMS SCADA DMS

50MW

500 MW

11/230KV 230 KV 230/110/33 KV 33/11KV 11/440 V

POWER SYSTEM NETWORK DIAGRAM

SCADA IN POWER SYSTEMSDISTRIBUTIONSCADA/DMS

TRANSMISSIONSCADA/EMS

TRANSMISSION SCADA / ULDC SCADA IN TNEB

TNEBTRANSMISSION

SCADA

Phase 1 with ND110 computers at ChennaiMLDC during 1987 and 5 RTUs were reportingthat time

Enhanced with 13 RTUsat 1991 (Phase 2)Phase 3 – LDC’s at Chennai Madurai and Erode were revampedwith Digital Alpha Servers.All these systems were connected toRSCC Bangalore during Phase 3

UNIFIED LOAD DESPATCHScheme is the present day systemwith GE Harris XA21 SCADAsystem commissioned during2001

ULDC HIERARCHY IN SOUTHERN REGION

ANDHRAANDHRAHYDERABAD WARANGAL KADAPPAH VIJAYAWADA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKABANGALORE HUBLI DAVANGAREKERALAKERALA

KALAMACHERY KANNUR TIRUVENDRAM

TAMILNADUTAMILNADUMADURAI ERODE CHENNAI

PONDYCHERYPONDYCHERY

SRLDCBANGALORESRLDCBANGALORE

COMPONENTS OF SCADARTUs

Communicationmedia

SCADA Mastercontrol system

RTUs in TRANSMISSION SCADA

GE ENERGY D20 & D25ABB SPIDER RTU 200/211DONGFANG 1331SYNERGY HUSKY 6049-E70YOKOGAWA DCSGE fanuc PLC 90-30

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU)• A Ruggedized IED designed to collect, process and send field data to the Scada Master at a

different geographical location .

• RTU - A stand alone data acquisition and control system also executes the controls from thecentral system as well.

• RTU have a specific RTOS that does scanning, Processing and storing the inputs, as well asmonitoring the communications ports. It reports to master when polled and responds withavailable data. The RTU will operate scanning its inputs, normally at a fairly fast rate.

• It may do some processing such as change of state processing, time stamping of changes,and storage of the data awaiting polling from the SCADA master

• It has the capacity of sending change of state events by sending Exception by pollingmessages

• Separate Driver for the communication to the SCADA Master.

• Configuration tool to program the RTU.

• System Diagnostics/ File transfer facilities are inherent feature

• Supports multiple protocols

TYPICAL RTU ARCHITECTURE

AI

MFT1

MFT2

MFT n

AIVoltage Transducer

Current TransducerOLTC Transducer

CMRBKR/ISOSTATUS

SPG

PROT. TRIP

TRF ALARM /TRIP SIGNALS

HDRBREAKERON/OFF

TAP RAISE /LOW

ISOLATORSOPEN/CLOSE

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

CPUCPU AI ModuleAI Module DI ModuleDI Module DOModule

DOModule

Internal BUS arrangement

Modbus RS 485 Output

Aux. 48V DC

PT supply

CT supply

MFT SCHEMETo RTUsMCU

ANALOG VALUES OBTAINING FROM MFTIndividual P-G Voltages for all 3 phasesIndividual P-P Voltages for all 3 phasesIndividual Phase CurrentsActive Power (MW)Reactive Power (Mvar)Apparent power (S)PowerfactorFrequency (HZ)Energy Exp/Imp

Station DC +ve

To the Breaker,Isolator / OLTC

Control Outputmodule of RTU

HDR

RTU CONTROL SCHEME

Used forBreaker Close / Trip operations

OLTC Tap position Raise /LowerMotorised isolators operation

48V

DIGITAL INPUT SCHEME

Station DC -ve

+ve from status point of the device

DI module uses RTUDC across contacts

CMR

Breaker ON / OFFSpring charge

Local/Remote switch positionProtection trip(SOE)

Transformer WT/Buch./OT AlarmsTransformer PRV/Buch./CF /WTT

trip Indications

EXISTING ARCHITECTURE OF ULDC SCADAOFCRTU 1 PLCC

RTU 2

LEASED LINE

RTU n

FEPPLCC /OFC

RTU 1

CELLULLAR TECHNOLOGY / VSAT

RTU 2

LEASED LINE

RTU n

OFC

RTU 1

PLCC

RTU 2

LEASED LINE

RTU n

FEP

FEP

MLDC CHENNAI

SLDC MADUARAI

SLDC ERODE

GE H

arri

sXA2

1 SC

ADA

FIELDI/O’S throMFT/CMR/HDR RTU

FIELDI/O’S throMFT/CMR/HDR RTU

FIELDI/O’S throMFT/CMR/HDR RTURTU PLCCPANEL

MODEM

3rd PartyCommunications

VSAT/MLLN/GPRS

SCADA MASTERCONSISTS OFAPPLICATIONSERVERS &WORKSTATIONS

FEPorCFE

MUX

PLCCPANEL

MODEM

MUX

BINARYOUTPUTFRM RTU

D/AANALOGCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEM

A/D

DIGITALCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

GPS

REMOTETERMINAL

UNIT

SCADAMASTERSCADA

MASTERCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

INTEROPERABILITY

Protocol is a defined set of rules formed to have communicationbetween intelligent devices. It governs how message containingdata and control information are to be knitted at source for theirtransmission across the network and then unwind when they reachtheir destination

Protocol is a defined set of rules formed to have communicationbetween intelligent devices. It governs how message containingdata and control information are to be knitted at source for theirtransmission across the network and then unwind when they reachtheir destination

Interoperability is the ability of an IED to communicate exchangeinformation with other vendors IED on a common platform(protocol) without any additional hardware/software

Interoperability is the ability of an IED to communicate exchangeinformation with other vendors IED on a common platform(protocol) without any additional hardware/software

Protocol converters does the function of a translator aiding 2systems operating on different protocols to communicate &exchange information

Protocol converters does the function of a translator aiding 2systems operating on different protocols to communicate &exchange information

PROTOCOLS & INTEROPERABILITY

FUNCTIONS OF A MASTER STATION

• Control Centre is a place where all the relevant real time datapertaining to geographically scattered elements of a network areavailable

• SCADA systems are used to monitor and control remote generation,transmission and distribution stations

• Acquire: Frequency, Volts, Amps, Kw, Kvars,PF etc… on an electricsystem

• Organize and store data for retrieval.• Portrays information in a logical and organized fashion like –

Alarms, Events, System maps, line diagrams, etc.• Analyze: Trending, Load Forecasting/shedding• Disturbance Capture• Control: Activate switches, breakers, Tap raise low.

KEY FUNCTIONALITIES OF XA21• Real time Data Acquisition• Preparing Trend charts• Disturbance Data collection• Continuous recording Database• Alarms are displayed when the set limits for ananalog values are violated• Event summary preparation• Maintaining data history for later analysis

SCADA FUNCTIONALITIES• RTU Data acquisition

• Supervisory control

• Data exchange

• Data processing (Alarms,SOE,calculations)

• Disturbance Data Collection

• Historical Information Storage & Retrieval

EMS MODULES• SIMILAR DAY FORECAST

• POWER NETWORK ANALYSIS

• INTER STATE TRANSACTION

• AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL(AGC)

• ECONOMIC LOAD DESPATCH

• UNIT COMMITMENT

EXISTING SETUP @ MLDC• SCADA Servers (1+1) : GE Harris XA-21 System in• IBM 6000 RISC M/C• EMS Servers (1+1) : IBM• ISR Servers (1+1) : IBM• FEP (1+1) : Motorola (128 Ports)• OS : UNIX• Data Base : Sybase• Protocol :IEC-60870-5-101 / RP570

21.01.2008 33

21.01.2008 34

21.01.2008 35

Presently atotal of 150RTUs arereporting toTNEB ULDCSCADA

21.01.2008 36

21.01.2008 37

BKR ONstatus

BKR ONstatus

21.01.2008 38

21.01.2008 39

21.01.2008 40

21.01.2008 41

NEW ULDC SCADA ARCHITECTUREDCPC 2

RTU 1RTU 2RTU n

DCPC 1 RTU 1RTU 2RTU n

DCPC nRTU 1RTU 2RTU n

MADURAIBCC

(ALSTOMSCADA

MASTER)

MADURAIBCC

(ALSTOMSCADA

MASTER)

ERODESLDC with

RemoteConsole

ERODESLDC with

RemoteConsole

OFC NETWORK

OFC NETWORK

DATA CONCENTRATORcumPROTOCOL CONVERTER

DCPC

ROLE OF DCPC IN THE NEW SCHEME

IEC104RTU

IEC104RTU

DNPRTU

IEC101RTU

RP570RTU

DATA CONCENTRATOR cum PROTOCOL CONVERTER (DCPC)PL

CC

LL VSAT 3GOFC

LOW SPEED SERIAL RTUs IP NETWORK RTUs

TERMINAL SERVER SWITCH

DISTRIBUTION SCADA

R-APDRP• Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme• Distribution sector reforms programmes were introduced during 2001-2002 in X th five year plan by GOI as APDRP.• Central govt. launched R-APDRP in July 2008 to extend reforms indistribution sector• This programme is being funded by central Power ministry with M/s PFCas Nodal Agency.• Total fund allocation for this scheme is 50000 crores for all over India• R-APDRP schemes divided as PART – A and PART-B• The main objective of R-APDRP implementation is to bring down AT&Closses to 15% and (achieving 1.5% reduction in every year ) andimproved customer satisfaction

R-APDRP OBJECTIVESEstablishing

baselinedata

Fixation ofaccountability

Reductionof AT&C

losses

Commercialviability

Reductionof outages

&interruption

Increaseconsumer

satisfaction& Revenue

PART A ConsumerIndexing, Asset

Mapping

GIS Mapping of theentire distribution

network

Automatic Meter Reading(AMR) on DT & Feeders

Automatic Data Logging for allDistribution Transformers and Feeders

Feeder Segregation / Ring Fencing

Establishment of IT enabled customer service centres

SCADA/DMS in big towns

SCHEMES BEING IMPLEMENTED BY IT WINGBaseline Data

Acquisition(AMR)

EnergyAccounting and

Auditing

GIS basedConsumer

Indexing andAsset Mapping

GIS basedintegratedNetworkAnalysis

Connection andDisconnection

system

Customer CareCentre

ManagementInformation

System

RAPDRP- PART BRevamping of 11 kV substations and transformers

Re-conductoring of lines at 11 kV level & below

Replacement of electromagnetic meters with tamper proof electronic meters

Load Bifurcation, Load Balancing

HVDS (11kV)

Installation of capacitor banks & mobile service centres

Aerial Bunched Conductors in populated areas

Network Strengthening at 33kV or 66kV levels

COMMERCIAL LOSSESCOMMERCIAL LOSSES

1.Meter Defect, Poor meteraccuracy etc.,

2.Human error in assessment

3. Theft-Tampering the meters

4.Inferior quality materials

5.Discrepancies in Energy BillCollection. Errors in Billing

TECHNICAL LOSSESTECHNICAL LOSSES

1.Transformer Loss

2.Line Loss

3.Unbalanced Loading

4.Low HT/LT ratio

5.Improper Earthing atConsumer End

STATUS OF AT&C and T&D LOSSES IN TNEBT&D LOSS IN 2007-08 - 18%AT&C LOSS IN 2007-08 - 19.17%

STATUS OF AT&C and T&D LOSSES IN TNEBT&D LOSS IN 2007-08 - 18%AT&C LOSS IN 2007-08 - 19.17%

SCADA –DMS eligible towns

Chennai

Madurai

Trichy

Tirunelveli

Coimbatore

Tiruppur

Salem

RAPDRP ELIGIBILITY CRITERIASCADA/DMS

Project

Population 4lakhs

AnnualConsumption

350 MU

7 townsidentified

Proposal cost139 crores

Other modulesin RAPDRP

Population10000

110 suchtowns

identified

WHY DO WE NEED SCADA• Unbundling of SEBs into Utilities changed thebusiness environment• Utilities are forced to run Business profitably• DA is a tool using SCADA as a backbone to form an ITinfrastructure required for Distribution systems• A part of the system is automated.• How much amount of automation to be introducedin the systems will be decided by the Utilities.

DCC Configuration in each CITY

FEPs (1+1)

ICCP toMadurai IT-DRC

to 4 VDUs

Internet

LAN-1

LAN-2

Fire Wall

Fire Wall (DMZ)

Web Exchange

Wall DisplayScreen

Wall DisplayServer

ScadaServer

Data (ISR)Server

NMS/DMSServer

Printer

WorkStations

Operator Stations

LAN-1

LAN-2

Printer Sharer

Plotter

StorageDevice

Logger

Engg.Stations

DevelopmentServer

R

R R

R

R R

IT Server

R R

R R

CommunicationServer (1+1)

R R

WebServer

GPS

ICCP toMadurai DRC

R R

Communication Diagram at each City

SubStation #1

SubStation # 2

SubStation #3

SubStation # 4

SubStation # n

Server atDCC

Server atDCC

256 Kbps-MLLN

RMU # 1RMU # 1

SectionalizerSectionalizer

RMU # NRMU # N

RMU # 2RMU # 2

RTU +LDMS

FRTUs

GPRS/CDMA

R-VDU

2 MbpsMPLS

DRCMDR

2 MbpsMPLS

DR-ITMDR

VDU

Copper

MLLN256 Kbps

ULDC

RTU/FRTU Schematic

SubStation

CommunicationServers at DCC

256 KbpsMLLN

RMU

RTU

FRTU-A

D/I8X32

A/I5X96

D/O3X32

Misc. A/I1X16

P/I4X32

A/O1X8

D/I2X32 A/I

1X96D/O1X16

DCPS

LDMS

FRTU-B/C

D/I1X16 A/I

1X96D/O1X16

Sectionalizer

DRCMDR

2 MbpsMPLS

DCPS toFRTU A

and B

FEP ServerDCC

DR-ITMDR

ULDCServer

SCADA DR Centre Configuration at Madurai

LAN-1

LAN-2

Data RepositoryServer

Printer

Work Stations

LAN-1

LAN-2

Storage DeviceLogger

DR CommunicationServer (1+1)

R R

STAGES IN DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATIONDCC with

DMS/SCADA

SUBSTATIONS(PRIMARYNETWORK)

•RTUs to collect data from SS equipment•LOCAL SCADA

FEEDERS withFRTUs

(SECONDARY 11KV NETWORK )

• RMU• SECTIONALISERS• FPI

Abstract of Existing and Proposed Nodes of all the Project AreasSl.No. Details RTU/FRTU Type

Cities TotalChennai Coimbatore Madurai Trichy Tirupur Tirunelveli SalemE P E P E P E P E P E P E P E P1 110 kV SubStations RTU-A 62 10 18 5 9 2 6 1 9 1 3 0 6 0 113 192 33 kV Sub Stations RTU-B 78 31 1 1 7 2 5 3 4 1 5 3 0 0 100 413 11 kV SwitchingStations. RTU-B 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

RTU Total 142 41 19 6 16 4 11 4 13 2 8 3 6 0 215 60183 25 20 15 15 11 6 2754 5 Way RMUs FRTU-A 1158 1693 0 396 0 92 0 19 0 40 0 18 0 17 1158 22755 3 Way RMUs FRTU-B 0 0 0 75 0 187 0 122 0 210 0 84 0 158 0 8366 Sectionalizers FRTU-C 0 121 0 367 0 296 0 241 0 119 0 104 0 100 0 1348

FRTU Total 1158 1814 0 838 0 575 0 382 0 369 0 206 0 275 1158 44592972 838 575 382 369 206 275 5617Total No. of Nodes 5892

City Sub-station Name City Sub-station Name City Sub-station Name

Madurai

Ellis Nagar

Tirunelveli

Thiyagarajanagar

Trichy

SrirangamTheppam Reddiarpatti AmbikapuramPudur Palayapettai K.SathanoorKovil Thalaiyuthu Trichy 110 kv ssAvaniapuram Kokkirakulam ThennurVandiyur Exhibition Ground Court CampusAnaiyur Melapalayam E.B RoadMG Nagar Palayamkottai ThuvakudiVillapuram New bus stand (P) ThiruverumburAnna Bus stand Samathanapuram (P) KambarasampettaiSubramaniyapuram Udayarpatti (P) MannarpuramMahalipattyArasaradi TOTAL : 41 stationsArapalayamIndustrial EstateAnuppanadySamayanallurThiruppalaiPasumalai

RTU @ MADUARI /TRICHY/TIRUNELVELI

AUTOMATION COMPONENTS INSECONDARY NETWORK• Ring Main Units• Auto Reclosures• Sectionalisers• Fault passage indicators

RING MAIN UNIT• RMU is a switchgear used in secondary distribution networksto provide uninterrupted supply to critical loads.• In The conventional secondary distribution feedersDistribution Distribution transformers are then connected tothe system by T-offs. Instead of specifying and selectingindividual components required for a T-off, the requiredcomponents are frequently available in an integrated packageknown as a ring-main unit.• RMUs are available in various combinations such as• Switch-fuse combination• Simple switches in combination• Switch – breaker combination

A SIMPLE 3 WAY RMU CONFIGURATION

FEEDER RTU• It does the similar functions of the RTU.• Used in conjunction with the secondary 11 KVfeeder network elements like RMU &sectionalizers• The No. of I/O modules will be less in theFRTUs compared to RTU’s

FRTU

AUTO RECLOSERES• AR is a self contained device with the necessaryintelligence to sense the Over currents fromtime to time & interrupt fault current and re-energise by auto reclousure action• If the fault is permanent then AR locks down

permanently after a pre-set no.of operations

• TNEB doesn’t use AR

SECTIONALISERS• These are the used to isolate the faulty sectionswitches available in the secondary network.• Used in conjunction with auto reclosures/RMUs• The sectionalisers sense the current above the pre-set and goes in to the counting mode .• Once the line is De- energised due to a fault oroperation of a AR it can be set to open after a pre-setno.of counts are reached

FAULT PASSAGE INDICATORS• FPI s are designed to aid fault location onDistribution networks by detecting faultcurrents and appropriately generate visualindication and communicate• When a fault is detected in the system theindicator operates alarm contacts for theremote indication and a internal LED to give avisual indication

DISTRIBUTION CONTROL CENTRE

SERVER ROOM

SERVERS AND ITS FUNCTIONSFEP ServerSCADA ServerISR ServerCOMMUNICATIONS ServerNMS ServerDIRECTORY ServerDEVELOPMENT serverWEB ServerDTS Server

Each server performs adefined function and theSCADA /DMS platform isbuilt in such a way to usethe data available in theindependent servers toperform SCADA & DMSfunctionalitieseffectively

FEP / CFE SERVER• Field RTUs will physically get connected to theSCADA system through FEP• FEP server acts as an interface between mainSCADA system running on high speed and FieldRTU’s running on slow speed• It is a pre processing device of the input data thanthe main processor. Does functions like Telemetercontrol, Data collection, End to end managementand reporting.

ISR SERVER• Data from SCADA server will be stored in ISR foronline backup• Real time database snapshot, storage and playback• Historical Information• SOE data• Alarm message log• Event logs• Storage of files

SCADA SERVER• This is the real-time DATA server• Where all the data from the field will be stored anddisplayed• Validates data for reasonability and communication failures• Performs checks on process variable limits and executesuser-defined calculations• Determines the quality and integrity of acquired data –based on limits, normal/abnormal states, etc.• Generates alarms for abnormal data conditions• Provides remote supervisory control capability

ICCP SERVER• The redundant ICCP(Inter control centre communicationserver) servers used to retrieve, transmit and processdata to and from remote sources i.e. remote controlcentres.• Data retrieve and processed from remote sources may bestored in communication servers, which then distributesthe data to other servers periodically or on demand.• Handles the task of Information sharing between variousLegacy control centres and Data Repository Centre and tothe LDCs in the Transmission network

NMS SERVERS (NETWORKMANAGEMENT SYSTEM )• Used for performance monitoring of the servers,work stations and Routers and LAN equipmentspresent in the SCADA system• The system monitors the performance, availability ofresources like memory/disk space and errorstatistics of all the servers, workstations and thenetworking equipments.

DIRECTORY SERVERS• An Active Directory based domain controlleralso can act as a DNS server that registers thenames and addresses of computers in thedomain and then provides the network addressof a member computer when queried with thecomputer's name.

WEBSERVERS WITH IPS• These are are servers installed in the DMZ of theSCADA system.• i.e.) In the DMZ LAN allows external RVDU users toaccess SCADA data / displays• The data will be accessed from ISR servers and notfrom SCADA server• Webservers will be provided with Intrusion Prevention& Detection system (IPS)• Redundant firewall systems (Hardware) will also beavailable in the DMZ Zone.

DEVELOPMENT SERVER• Does the functions like database creation /modification• Acts as a testbench for the integration of a newRTU testing before putting in to Real timeenvironment

SCADA FUNCTIONS• Real Time Data Acquisition / processing /calculations• GPS based time synchronization of RTUs /FRTUs• Sequence of Events Recording• Information Storage & Retrieval• Continuous real time recording & playback• Supervisory Control• Data Exchange with IT system

DATA TYPES USED IN SCADA SYSTEMS• Real Time data collected using RTU/FRTU• Data from IT systems• Calculated data• GIS• Pseudo manual data

ADVANTAGES OF USING SCADAQuick implementation of a decision

•Reduces man power•Operate while you view•Basic requirement to run Energy

Management systems•Remote supervision & operation

Quick implementation of a decision•Reduces man power•Operate while you view•Basic requirement to run Energy

Management systems•Remote supervision & operation

Data acquisition•Real time data available at control point•Helps in decision making•Requirement to execute Supervisory control•Helps in data analysis•Gives you a picture of the whole system at real

time•Facilitates data sharing

Data acquisition•Real time data available at control point•Helps in decision making•Requirement to execute Supervisory control•Helps in data analysis•Gives you a picture of the whole system at real

time•Facilitates data sharing

DMS MODULES•Load Shed Application

• Fault Management & System Restoration

• Load Flow Application

• Network Connectivity Analysis

• Loss Minimization via Feeder Reconfiguration

• Load Balancing via Feeder Reconfiguration

• Voltage / VAR control

• Operation Monitor

• Training tool

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK MAJOR ELEMENTSTRANSFORMERS

CIRCUITBREAKERS

ISOLATORS

RMUs

SECTIONALISERS

FUSESCAPACITORBANKS

FEEDERS

LINE SEGMENTS1/2/3 PHASE

FPI

IED

NETWORK CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS• NCA module provides the connectivity between variousnetwork elements present in the distribution network• The Network Topology shall be ascertained using this moduleby analysing the status of the Network elements such asBreakers/Isolators/Transformers at a given point of time• This can be operated on Real time / Study mode• NCA is useful in determining Bus Connectivity (Live or Dead) /Feeder connectivity• Representing the possible alternate routes (loops)• Network connectivity representing S/S as node

STATE ESTIMATION• SE helps in assessing the present state of theDistribution Network• Assess loads of all the nodes and assess all thevariables such as Voltage,Current• In all the buses,sections and Transformers inthe Distribution network

LOAD FLOW APPLICATION• LFA helps to evaluate the unknown quantities of Real/Reactive

power /Voltages/current at all the buses for a given networktopology

• LFA uses Real Data / Calculated Data / Estimated data available

• Helps Dispatcher in taking decisions in the event of

• Feeder over loadings

• Power system Topology change like alteration in the Distributionsystem

• Transformer tap position Change / Capacitor /Reactor MVARchange

VOLT VAR CONTROL (VVC)• VVC function provides to maintain High qualityvoltage profile by controlling reactive powerflow by using the resources like• OLTC for Voltage control• Capacitor banks for VAR control

LOAD SHED APPLICATION• LSA helps to automate and optimise theprocess of selecting best combination ofbreakers/switches to be opened to sheddesired amount of load.• LSA determines different combinations to meetout the required load shed

FAULT MANAGEMENT ANDSYSTEM RESTORATION• FMSR application helps the Dispatcher todetect,Localise,isolate and restoration of theDistribution system after an occurrence of afault.• FMSR uses the SCADA control for this purposeand the Network elements such as Autoreclosures,Sectionalisers and FPIs will be usefulin Localise /Isolate and restoration of the systemwith minimum interruption

LOSS MINIMIZATION VIA FEEDERRE-CONFIGURATION• The information of Network Topology and availability ofadjacent feeder networks can be useful in right selectionof feeders with the overall aim of reducing line losses andmaximum power delivery to the consumers• This function helps in calculation of present losses basedon the loading of all the elements present in the network.• LMFR application can be used to have various scenariosfor a given planned & un planned outages, Equipmentoperating limits while recommending the switchingoperations by LFA

LOAD BALANCING VIA FEEDERRECONFIGURATION• LBFR application is used for the optimum balance of thenetwork segments that are over and Under loaded.• LBFR ensures optimum Utilisation capacities of theDistribution Transformers and Feeders• The dispatcher can have the option to simulate switchingoperations and visualise the effect on the network bycomparisons based on the line loadings,Voltageprofiles,Load restored,System restoration and no.affected of customers

LOAD FORECAST• LF uses information available in the historical database andWeather conditions data collected over a period of time topredict the requirement of customer loads.• Short Time Load Forecasting will be used for the assessment ofaverage Electrical loads from 1 to 7 days ahead.• Long Time forecasting is used for forecasting load growthsover long durations using methods like• Least Square Method• Kalman filter• Time series method