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9/5/2017
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South Carolina Data Analysis Part 1: Prison TrendsSentencing Reform Oversight Committee September 5th, 2017
2
Pretrial Population
Data Sources
• Bureau of Justice Statistics
• Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Report
• United States Census Bureau
• South Carolina Department of Corrections
– Prison admissions, 2007-2016
– Prison releases, 2007-2016
– Annual snapshots of the prison population, June 30th, 2007-2016
• South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services
– Case closures, 2007-2016
– Compliance violation revocations, 2010-2016
Introduction
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Pretrial Population
Definition of Terms: Admission Types
• Newly sentenced prisoner
– Admission to prison for a court-ordered sentence at the time of conviction.
• Revocation
– Admission to prison for violating the terms of community supervision.
• Compliance violation revocation: Admission to prison for failing to comply with a rule or rules that one is required to follow while under supervision (e.g. missing a meeting, using drugs, willful nonpayment of fines or fees, etc).
• New crime revocation: Admission to prison for committing a new offense while on supervision.
Introduction
4
Pretrial Population
Definition of Terms: Length of Stay
• Sentence
– The court-ordered, Parole Board-ordered, or Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services hearing officer-ordered period of incarceration (does not include terms of suspended incarceration).
• Time served for people in prison
– The amount of time a person in prison has served as of the last day of the fiscal year.
• Longest-serving inmates
– Those people who have served longer than 10 years in prison.
Introduction
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Pretrial Population
Definition of Terms: Offense Types
• Offense
– The most serious offense at commitment. The most serious offense is determined by SCDC and considers the nature of the crime (violent or nonviolent) and the maximum penalty allowed.
• Violent offense
– Any crime that was defined as violent in statute at the time of conviction.
• Nonviolent offense
– Any crime that was not defined as violent in statute at the time of conviction.
Introduction
6
Pretrial Population
Definition of Terms: Prior Commitments
• Prior commitments
– Previous prison stays in SCDC and previous out-of-state prison stays.
• Does not include previous misdemeanor incarcerations that were not served in SCDC, felony or misdemeanor probation sentences, specialty court sentences, or pre-trial diversion sentences.
Introduction
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Pretrial Population
Outline
• Prison trends since Justice Reinvestment
• Taking a second look: issues worth examining
• Summary of takeaways
• Topics for next data meeting
• Questions
Introduction
8
PRISON TRENDS SINCE JUSTICE REINVESTMENT
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Pretrial Population
23,161
20,951
27,903
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Prison Population by FY
Actual Year-End Prison Population by FY Baseline Population Projection Absent Reform
Prison Population Declined 14% After Reform
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections and Applied Research Services
JRI Reforms, Part I
*Prison population is the in-custody population
10
Pretrial Population
Crime Rate Continued to Decline After Reform
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Report
5,137
3,798
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Index Crime Rate per 100,000 Residents by CY
JRI Reforms, Part I
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
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Pretrial Population
Recidivism Rate Declining Since Late 2000s; Down Nearly 10% Since Reform
Source: SCDC Report to SROC, Nov. 2016
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
32.7%
24.9%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
3 Year Recidivism Rate* by FY
*Percentage of inmates released in each year who returned to SCDC within 3 years or less.
JRI Reforms, Part I
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Pretrial Population
Imprisonment Rate* Fell From 11th in Nation to 19th; Still Higher than National Average
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
State 2015 RateLouisiana 778Oklahoma 719Alabama 613
Mississippi 609Arizona 600
Arkansas 593Texas 572
Missouri 531Georgia 506Florida 500
Kentucky 490Virginia 458
Ohio 450Nevada 448
Delaware 443Idaho 438
Michigan 430Tennessee 427
South Carolina 416State Average 402
State 2010 RateLouisiana 868Mississippi 686Oklahoma 652
Texas 652Alabama 642Arizona 599Georgia 563Florida 554
Arkansas 553Missouri 511
South Carolina 492Idaho 473
Virginia 466Nevada 464
Kentucky 459Colorado 452
Ohio 448Michigan 447California 440Delaware 440
State Average 439
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
*The number of prisoners with sentences greater than one year for every 100,000 residents of the state.
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Pretrial Population
Prison Admissions Have Decreased 30% Since Reform
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
12,518
8,765
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Prison Admissions by FY
14
Pretrial Population
Majority of Reduction in Admissions Due to Nonviolent Offenses
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
10,455
6,805
2,0441,939
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Admissions by Commitment Type by FY
Nonviolent
Violent
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Pretrial Population
Reduction in Nonviolent Admissions Seen Across Property, Drug, and Other Offense Types
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
4,431
3,0024,051
2,5132,004
1,313
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Admissions by Offense Type by FY
Property
Other
Drug
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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Pretrial Population
Admission Reductions Across All Sentence Length Categories; Greatest Reduction in Admissions with Short Sentences
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
2,475
3,427
1,852 1,772
1,4261,432
2,591
1,5591,415
1,027
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
Less than 1 yr 1 - 3 yrs 3 - 5 yrs 5 - 10 yrs 10 years or more
Admissions by Sentence Length, FY 2010 & 2016
2010
2016
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Pretrial Population
Reduction in Admissions Across Racial Categories; Largest Reduction For Black Population
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
7,678
4,6074,504
3,986
336 1720
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Admissions by Race by FY
Black
White
Other
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Pretrial Population
Racial Disparity in Admissions Reduced, But Still Present
Source: US Census Bureau & South Carolina Department of Corrections
White45%Black
53%
Other2%
Admissions by Race, FY 2016
White63%
Black27%
Hispanic6%
Other4%
South Carolina Resident Population by Race, CY 2016
Prison Trends Since Justice Reinvestment
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TAKING A SECOND LOOK: ISSUES WORTH EXAMINING
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Pretrial Population
Outline
• Prison trends since Justice Reinvestment
• Taking a second look: issues worth examining
– Despite decline, 78% of admissions to prison are for nonviolent crimes
– 1 in 4 admissions to prison are revocations for compliance violations
– Time served for people in prison up 29% since 2010
• Summary of takeaways
• Topics for next data meeting
• Questions
Nonviolent Admissions
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Pretrial Population
Nonviolent Admissions Have Declined 35% Since 2010
Nonviolent Admissions
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
10,455
6,805
2,044 1,939
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Admissions by Commitment Type by FY
Nonviolent
Violent
22
Violent 22%
Nonviolent 78%
Admissions by Commitment Type, FY 2016
Violent22%
Drug15%
Property34%
Other29%
Admissions by Offense Type, FY 2016
78% of Admissions Are for Nonviolent Crimes
Nonviolent Admissions
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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Pretrial Population
7 of Top 10 Admissions Offenses are Nonviolent; 4 Drug-Related Top 10 Offenses at Admission in FY 2016Offense Number of Admissions
Burglary (2nd degree nonviolent and 3rd degree) 952
Commercial drug offense 668
Possession drug offense 525
Assault and battery – nonviolent 504
Shoplifting 497
Forgery/fraud 475
Burglary (2nd degree violent) 312
Common law robbery 288
Manufacture methamphetamine 280
Trafficking controlled substances 271
Nonviolent Admissions
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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Pretrial Population
Sentences for Common Offenses at Admission Vary
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
Top 10 Offenses at Admission in FY 2016
OffenseMean Sentence
(Months)
Burglary (2nd degree nonviolent and 3rd degree) 42
Commercial drug offense 50
Possession drug offense 20
Assault and battery – nonviolent 40
Shoplifting 28
Forgery/fraud 23
Burglary (2nd degree violent) 75
Common law robbery 67
Manufacture methamphetamine 47
Trafficking controlled substance 97
Nonviolent Admissions
Number of Admissions
Combined Sentences
952 39,984
668 33,400
525 10,500
504 20,160
497 13,916
475 10,925
312 23,400
288 19,296
280 13,160
271 26,287
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Pretrial Population
Uptick in Female Admissions Since 2015
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
Nonviolent Admissions
1,343
968
1,102
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Female Prison Admissions by FY
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Pretrial Population
Female Admissions Are Predominately for Nonviolent Offenses
Nonviolent Admissions
Violent12%
Drug20%
Property43%
Other25%
Female Admissions by Offense Type, FY 2016
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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Pretrial Population
9 of Top 10 Offenses for Female Admissions Are NonviolentTop 10 Offenses at Admission for Females in FY 2016Offense Number of Admissions
Forgery/fraud 146
Shoplifting 142
Possession drug offense 133
Child abuse/neglect 80
Burglary (2nd degree nonviolent and 3rd degree) 65
Commercial drug offense 56
Manufacture methamphetamine 56
Grand larceny 38
Assault and battery – nonviolent 28
Driving without license/driving on suspended license 23
Nonviolent Admissions
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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Pretrial Population
Variation in Nonviolent Admission Rate by Judicial District
Nonviolent Prison Admission Rate*,by Judicial District,Newly Sentenced Prisoners, FY 2016
125+
100-125
75-100
Less than 75
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections & US Census Bureau
Nonviolent Admissions
*The number of people sentenced to prison for nonviolent crimes from each judicial district per 100,000 residents.
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Pretrial Population
Variation in Nonviolent Admission Rate by Judicial District
Clarendon, Lee, Sumter, Williamsburg
Union, York
Greenville, Pickens
Aiken, Bamberg, Barnwell
Calhoun, Dorchester, Orangeburg
Kershaw, Richland
Nonviolent Admissions
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections & US Census Bureau
Cherokee, Spartanburg
Greenwood, Laurens, Newberry, Abbeville
Florence, Marion
Allendale, Beaufort, Colleton, Hampton, Jasper
Georgetown, Horry
Chesterfield, Darlington, Dillon, Marlboro
Aiken, Bamberg, Barnwell
Edgefield, Lexington, McCormick, Saluda
Chester, Fairfield, Lancaster
Berkeley, Charleston
Anderson, Oconee
*The number of people sentenced to prison for nonviolent crimes from each judicial district per 100,000 residents.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
51410916
111324
163
158
127
Ju
dic
ial D
istr
ict
Nonviolent Prison Admission Rate* by Judicial District, Newly Sentenced Prisoners, FY 2016
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Pretrial Population
Outline
• Prison trends since Justice Reinvestment
• Taking a second look: issues worth examining
– Despite decline, 78% of admissions to prison are for nonviolent crimes
– 1 in 4 admissions to prison are revocations for compliance violations
– Time served for people in prison up 29% since 2010
• Summary of takeaways
• Topics for next data meeting
• Questions
Revocations for Compliance Violations
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Pretrial PopulationRevocations for Compliance Violations
Supervision Revocations Make Up 31% of All Prison Admissions
Newly Sentenced Prisoner
69%
Supervision Revocation
31%
Admissions by Admission Type, FY 2016
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections & South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services
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Pretrial Population
Admissions for Revocations Down 30% Percent Since 2010, Up Slightly in Last Year
Revocations for Compliance Violations
3,872
2,717
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Admissions for Supervision Revocations by FY
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections & South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services
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New Crime Revocation
18%
Compliance Violations
82%
Revocations by Violation Type, FY 2016
Supervision Revocation
31%
Newly Sentenced Prisoner
69%
Admissions by Admission Type, FY 2016
Over 80% of Revocations Due to Compliance Violations; 1 in 4 Prison Admissions Are for Compliance Violations
Revocations for Compliance Violations
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections & South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services
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Pretrial Population
Nearly 90% of Compliance Violation Revocations Have Underlying Nonviolent Offense
Revocations for Compliance Violations
Violent11%
Drug16%
Property44%
Other29%
Compliance Violation Revocations by Underlying Offense Type, FY 2016
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections & South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services
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Pretrial Population
On Average, Compliance Violation Revocations Are Sentenced to Nearly 3 Years in Prison, Up Slightly Since 2010
Revocations for Compliance Violations
3335
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2010 2016
Mo
nth
s
Average Sentence Length at Admission, Compliance Violation Revocations, FY 2010 & 2016
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections & South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services
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Pretrial Population
Outline
• Prison trends since Justice Reinvestment
• Taking a second look: issues worth examining
– Despite decline, 78% of admissions to prison are for nonviolent crimes
– 1 in 4 admissions to prison are revocations for compliance violations
– Time served for people in prison up 29% since 2010
• Summary of takeaways
• Topics for next data meeting
• Questions
Average Time Served for People in Prison
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Pretrial Population
Admissions Decreasing at Twice the Rate of Prison Population
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
24,717
21,255
12,518
8,765
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Prison Admissions and Prison Population by FY
Prison Population
Admissions
-14%
-30%
Average Time Served for People in Prison
*Prison population is the jurisdictional population
38
Pretrial Population
2%
18%8%
32%
10%
19%
18%
18%
63%
13%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Prison Population Admissions
Admissions and Prison Population by Sentence Length Group, FY 2016
10 years or more
5 - 10 yrs
3 - 5 yrs
1 - 3 yrs
Less than 1 yr
Prison Population Has Longer Sentences Than Prison Admissions
Average Time Served for People in Prison
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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39
Pretrial Population
Average Time Served for People in Prison Has Increased 29% Since 2010
55
71
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2010 2016
Mo
nth
s
Average Time Served, Prison Population, FY 2010 & 2016
Average Time Served for People in Prison
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
40
Pretrial Population
8,276
5,954
3,068
3,9993,420
6,219
4,547
2,360
3,8394,290
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Less than 1 yr 1 - 3 yrs 3 - 5 yrs 5 - 10 yrs 10 yrs or more
Prison Population by Time Served Category, FY 2010 & FY 2016
2010 2016
Since 2010, Increase in Number of Longest-Serving Inmates
Average Time Served for People in Prison
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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Pretrial Population
1,559
2,913
1,861
1,377
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
2010 2016
Prison Population That Has Served 10+ Years, FY 2010 & 2016
Parole Eligible
Not Parole Eligible
Among Longest-Serving Inmates, Fewer Are Parole Eligible Since 2010
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
Average Time Served for People in Prison
*Parole eligibility based on most serious offense
42
Parole Eligible
54%
Not Parole Eligible
46%
Prison Population That Has Served 10+ Years, FY 2010
Parole Eligible
32%
Not Parole Eligible
68%
Prison Population That Has Served 10+ years, FY 2016
More than 2/3 of Today’s Longest-Serving Inmates Are Not Eligible for Parole
Average Time Served for People in Prison
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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43
Pretrial Population
Of Longest-Serving Inmate Population, All 10 Top Offenses Are Violent; 9 of 10 Are Person Crimes Most Common Offenses of People in Prison Who Have Served 10+ Years in FY 2016
OffenseNumber in Prison
Average Time Served (Months)
Murder 1,621 260
Armed robbery 483 181
Kidnapping 443 221
Voluntary manslaughter 357 183
Burglary (1st degree) 312 181
Criminal sex conduct (1st degree and 2nd degree) 275 232
Trafficking controlled substance 218 167
Criminal sex conduct w/minor (1st degree and 2nd degree) 198 174
Assault and battery – high and aggravated nature 126 175
Transportation offenses that result in death – violent 52 162
Average Time Served for People in Prison
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
44
Pretrial Population
Majority of Longest-Serving Inmates Have No Prior Commitments to Prison
No Prior Commitments
59%
Prior Commitments
41%
Prison Population That Has Served 10+ Years by Prior Commitments, FY 2016
Average Time Served for People in Prison
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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45
Most Longest-Serving Inmates Were Younger than 30 When Admitted; Largest Group Today Are 50 or Older
20-292%
30-3927%
40-4930%
50 or Older41%
Current Age of Prison Population That Has Served 10+ Years,
FY 2016
Under 2014%
20-2945%
30-3926%
40-4912%
50 or Older3%
Age at Admission for Prison Population That Has Served 10+ Years,
FY 2016
Average Time Served for People in Prison
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
46
Pretrial Population
Outline
• Prison trends since Justice Reinvestment
• Taking a second look: issues worth examining
• Summary of takeaways
• Topics for next data meeting
• Questions
Conclusion
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47
Pretrial Population
Summary of Takeaways
• Prison trends since Justice Reinvestment in 2010:
– Prison population declined by 14%; crime rate declined by 16%; recidivism rate declined by nearly 10%.
– Imprisonment rate fell from 11th in the nation to 19th; still higher than the national average.
– Admissions to prison declined by 30%, driven in large part by declines in nonviolent admissions and admissions with short sentences.
• Admissions declined across racial categories, with the largest reduction for the black population.
Summary of Takeaways
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
48
Pretrial Population
Summary of Takeaways
• Despite decline, 78% of admissions to prison are for nonviolent crimes:
– 7 of the top 10 most common offenses at admission are nonviolent; 4 are drug offenses.
– Uptick in female admissions in last year; female admissions are predominately nonviolent.
– Wide range in nonviolent admission rate by judicial district.
Summary of Takeaways
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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49
Pretrial Population
Summary of Takeaways
• 1 in 4 admissions to prison are revocations for compliance violations:
– Almost 90% of revocations for compliance violations have underlying nonviolent offenses.
– On average, revocations for compliance violations are sentenced to nearly 3 years in prison.
Summary of Takeaways
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections & South Carolina Department of Probation, Parole, and Pardon Services
50
Pretrial Population
Summary of Takeaways
• Average time served for people in prison up 29% since 2010:
– South Carolina has seen an increase in the number of longest-serving inmates in prison.
– Among longest-serving inmates, today fewer than 1/3 are parole eligible, down from more than half in 2010.
Summary of Takeaways
Source: South Carolina Department of Corrections
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51
Pretrial Population
Topics for Next Data Meeting
Topics for Next Data Meeting
• Trends in release;
• Trends in community supervision; and
• Answers to your questions.
Timeline for Next Data Meeting
• Earliest day for draft of presentation to SROC: Sept. 28th
• Earliest day for next SROC meeting: week of Oct. 2nd
52
Questions?
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Contact Information
• Michelle Russell
– Office: (202) 552-2270
– Email: mrussell@pewtrusts.org
• Laura Bennett
– Office: (202) 552-2028
– Email: lbennett@pewtrusts.org
• Public Safety Performance Project
– www.pewtrusts.org/publicsafety
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