satellite observations for future space weather forescasting
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Satellite Observations for Future
Space Weather Forescasting
Howard J. Singer, NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
Space Weather WorkshopBoulder, COMay 2, 2008
Acknowledgments: Bonadonna, Donovan, Fuller-Rowell, Green, Hill, Kunches, Maus, Onsager, Viereck
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 2
Presentation Outline: Introduction to space
weather observations NOAA satellite programs:
GOES, POES, NPOES, Solar Wind Monitoring
Collaborating with the Space Weather and Space Science community
The Future
GOES 8-12
GOES NOP
ACE
POES
STEREO
CORS - GPS
And More…
SOHO
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forescasting
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 3
Space Weather observations extend from the Sun to interplanetary space, to the magnetosphere and ionosphere/upper
atmosphere.
Space Weather observations support a growing and diverse user community:• DoD, NASA, FAA, Industry, Commercial Service Providers, International …
Space Weather observations are used:• to specify and forecast the environment• in models (drive, assimilate, and validate)• for research
Space Weather Observations
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 4
NOAA POES
NOAA GOES
NASA ACE
ESA/NASA SOHO
L1•ACE (NASA)
–Solar wind speed, density, temperature and energetic particles–Vector Magnetic field
•SOHO (ESA/NASA)–Solar EUV Images–Solar Corona (CMEs)
•GOES (NOAA)–Energetic Particles–Magnetic Field–Solar X-ray Flux–Solar EUV Flux–Solar X-Ray Images
•POES (NOAA)–High Energy Particles–Total Energy Deposition–Solar UV Flux
•Ground Sites–Magnetometers (NOAA/USGS)–Thule Riometer and Neutron monitor (USAF)–SOON Sites (USAF)–RSTN (USAF)–Telescopes and Magnetographs–Ionosondes (AF, ISES, …)–GPS (CORS)
NASA STEREO(Ahead)
NASA STEREO(Behind)
•STEREO (NASA)–Solar Corona–Solar EUV Images–Solar wind –Vector Magnetic field
Monitor, Measure and Specify:
Data for Today’s Space Weather
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 5
Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS) Monitors the energetic electron, proton, and alpha particle fluxes e: 0.6 to 4.0 MeV, p: 0.7 to 700 MeV, a: 4 to 3400 MeV
Magnetometer (MAG) Monitors the vector magnetic field 0.512 second samples, ~0.1 nT sensitivity, +/- 1000 nT
X-Ray Sensor (XRS) Monitors whole-Sun x-ray brightness in two bands 1 - 8 Angstroms and 0.5 - 4 Angstroms
Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) – first on GOES 12 One - minute cadence, full disk, 5 arc sec pixels, 0.6 – 6 nm, 512 x 512 pixel array
GOES: NOAA’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
Space Environment Monitor (SEM) Instrumentation GOES 8-12
GOES 8 (Launch: 4/13/94, EOL orbit raising 5/5/04)
GOES 9 (Launch: 5/23/95, loaned to Japan, EOL 6/14/07) (Launch: 4/25/97, South America Coverage) GOES 11 (Launch: 5/13/00, Operational)
GOES 12 (Launch: 7/23/01, Operational)
GOES 10
SXI: A NOAA-USAF-NASA partnership
AF Funded
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 6
Current Instrument Issues:
Energetic Particle Sensor (EPS)
GOES 12: Two proton channels not usable Using GOES 11 and GOES 10 All other particle sensors functioning on GOES 10, 11, and 12 Magnetometer (MAG)
Functioning on GOES 10, 11, and 12
X-Ray Sensor (XRS)
X-ray Positioner failed on GOES 11 and 12 Using GOES 10
Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) – first on GOES 12 No longer functioning
GOES: NOAA’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
Space Environment Monitor (SEM) Instrumentation GOES 8-12
Current Spacecraft Status:
GOES 11 (west) and GOES 12 (east): operatonal
GOES 10 over South America: SWPC using XRS and
Protons Satellite inclination increasing
GOES 8-12
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 7
GOES NOP:SEM Enhancement Summary
GOES 13 Launch May 24, 2006First of New Generation
Magnetometer (MAG) Two instruments operating
simultaneouslyEnergetic Particle Sensors (EPS)
Lower energy electron (30 keV) and proton (80 keV) bands
More look-directionsX-Ray Sensor (XRS) (Limited
functionality) Eliminate electronic range-changing
EUV Sensor (EUVS) New instrument, five wavelength
bands 10 - 125 nmSolar X-Ray Imager (SXI)
Improved sensitivity and resolution Autonomous event response
GOES O planned launch Nov 5, 2008
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 8
Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) Monitors solar, galactic and in situ electron, proton, and alpha particle
fluxes Medium energy electrons and protons begin on GOES 13 Low energy electrons and protons begin on GOES-R Heavy Ions begin on GOES-R Implementation phase (Contractor: Assurance Technology Corporation)
Magnetometer (MAG) Monitors Earth’s time-varying vector magnetic field Included in spacecraft procurement
Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Suite (EXIS) X-Ray Sensor (XRS) monitors whole-Sun X-ray irradiance in two bands EUV Sensor (EUVS) monitors whole-Sun EUV irradiance in spectral
bands - improved for GOES R Implementation phase (Contractor: Laboratory for Atmospheric and
Space Physics (LASP))
Solar Ultraviolet Imager (SUVI) Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) monitors solar flares, coronal holes, active
regions-first GOES 12 New spectral bands for GOES R Implementation phase (Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center)
Space Weather Instrumentation on GOES-R (Launch FY 2015)
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 9
NOAA Polar Operational Environmental Satellites
(POES)
• Operational SatellitesNOAA15 (working SEM, no
SBUV)NOAA16 (working SEM, working
SBUV)NOAA17 (working SEM, working
SBUV)NOAA18 (working SEM, working
SBUV)
• Operating ParametersPolar orbit at 850 km altitude (90 minute orbital period)AM and PM orbits to provide complete coverage
• Future NOAA POES Satellites NOAA-N’ (2009)
• Collaborative Polar Satellites METOP-1 (2006) European CollaborationMETOP-2 (2011) European Collaboration
• Future (NPOESS)Collaboration with DOD and
NASACollaboration with Europeans
(METOP)Replaces POES, DMSPFirst NPOESS with space
weather ~ 2013POES SEM: Measurements of energetic particle energy deposition in upper atmosphere and solar irradiance to provide data of practical benefit to commercial and government activities and for extensive research.
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 10
NPOESS Space Environmental Data Capabilities
Environmental Data Records (EDR) Pre-NM Performance
Post-NM Performance
Electron Density Profile Degraded EDR No capability
Ionospheric Scintillation Degraded EDR No capability
Neutral Density Profile Degraded EDR No capability
Auroral Imagery Degraded EDR No capability
Auroral Energy Deposition EDR satisfied Degraded EDR
Auroral Energy Particles EDR satisfied Degraded EDR
Energetic Ions EDR satisfied Degraded EDR
Electric Field EDR satisfied No capability
Medium Energy Charged Particles EDR satisfied Degraded EDR
Geomagnetic Field No capability No capability
In-situ Plasma Temperature EDR satisfied No capability
In-situ Plasma Fluctuations EDR satisfied No capability
Auroral Boundary EDR satisfied EDR satisfied
2007: OFCM working with OSTP to assess N-M impact to national space environmental services.
2008: OSTP will determine if a Phase II Assessment of alternatives and Strategies is warranted to mitigate reduced NPOESS SESS capabilities
Bonadonna AMS 08
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 11
CISM: Huang et al.
Uses of Space Weather Data: Magnetometer Data Needed for Space Weather Model Validation
The geosynchronous magnetic field is used to validate models and eventually may be assimilated into models. It will be vital for models run in operations.
U. Of Michigan (Gombosi et al.)
U. Mich. Gombosi et al.
UNH: Raeder et al.
Multiple groups of MHD modelers rely on the GOES magnetic field data for validating their models.
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 12
Solar Observations: Irradiance (EXIS)
Extreme Ultraviolet and X-ray Irradiance Suite
X-Ray Sensor (XRS) Monitors whole-Sun X-ray irradiance in two bands and drives the Radio Blackout portion of NOAA’s Space Weather Scales.
EUV Sensor (EUVS) Measures the solar EUV energy input to the upper atmosphere and improves the ability to predict upper atmospheric and ionospheric conditions.
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 13
High-Latitude D-Region HF Radio Absorption
• One-stop shopping for HF fade anywhere on the planet• New product to combine polar and low latitude HF absorption• Deployment as a tool later this year
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 14
In Situ Observations: Particles (SEISS)Space Environment In Situ Suite
SEISS products serve user communities in the airline industry, the satellite industry, and manned space flight operations.
AF-Geospace, Courtesy of Greg Ginet, AFRLCRRES Electron Radiation Model
The SEISS is an ensemble of electron, proton, and heavy ion detecting telescopes. SEISS data drives Solar Radiation Storm portion of NOAA’s Space Weather Scales.
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 15
Solar Observations: Imaging(SUVI) Solar Ultraviolet Imager
Simulated GOES-R SUVI color composite (SOHO
EIT data, a joint NASA/ESA research program).
SUVI will locate coronal holes, flares, and coronal mass ejection source regions. It will also detect “Over the horizon” active regions and observe active region complexity. Together, these observations support all space weather customers.
SUVI will image the same portions of the Sun’s atmosphere as SXI, but in different spectral bands that provide better access to temperature and density.
GOES-12 SXI color composite.
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 16
Utilizing Non-NOAA Observations and Data
By continued awareness of, and involvement in research programs, SWPC can encourage and work together with non-NOAA satellite programs to provide data for operational use. –ACE: Through an interagency partnership, NASA modified the ACE spacecraft to provide continuous real-time data.
–IMAGE: Through an interagency partnership, NASA modified the IMAGE spacecraft to provide continuous real-time data.
–Living With A Star: Through involvement on NASA definition panels, SWPC has encouraged NASA to define satellite programs that include utility to space weather forecasting and specification (Solar Dynamics Observatory, RBSP, …)
– STEREO: Through interagency planning, NOAA is obtaining real-time data from a satellite beacon that is being used by operations for forecasts and warnings of impending geomagnetic storms.
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 17
COMMUNICATION/NAVIGATION OUTAGE FORECASTING SYSTEM
(C/NOFS) 2008 AF/NASA
RADIATION BELT STORM PROBES 2012 NASA
S0LAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY 2008 NASA
SWARM 2010 ESA
Examples of Future Satellite Programs That Can Contribute to Space Weather
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 18
The Future
Observations and Predictive
Capabilities Enable Space Exploration
Space Shuttle, Space Station and extravehicular activities Cislunar and lunar orbits and lunar surface operations Mars
Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration
National Research Council Report 2006
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 19
Locations of Ground Stations and the GOES Field-line Intercept
GOES 11
GOES 12
Good ground-based coverage will foster conjugate studies with GOES .
Ground-based Observations Contribute to Space Weather Forecasting
Movie
Donovan, U. of Calgary
Canadian All-Sky Imagers and Magnetometers are a ground-component of the NASA THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms) Mission.
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 20
Conclusions
Space weather forecasting requires observations, but also modeling and scientific understanding.
NOAA assets in space include GOES and POES, efforts to provide a new solar wind monitor, and partnerships with NASA for ACE, STEREO, …
We have valuable partnerships with other agencies, and national and international organizations for using non-NOAA space-based observations as tools to improve space weather services, and as prototypes for possible future operational observations.
New observations and new priorities are guided by new challenges and customer needs.
Satellite Observations for Future Space Weather Forecasting 21
Contact Information:
Howard J. Singer, Chief ScientistNOAA Space Weather Prediction Center325 BroadwayBoulder, CO 80305303 497 6959howard.singer@noaa.gov
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