sandia brief
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Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,
for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Taking Reconnaissance toTaking Reconnaissance toAnother LevelAnother Level
Margaret Murray
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, NM505-844-7432
msmurra@sandia.gov
UAVs: The Way Ahead
Washington, DC
October 2004
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Outline
Radar Capabilities
Brief tutorial
Sample Images and Products UAV Applications
UAV Radar Capabilities
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Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging
Transmit Bandwidth for RangeResolution
Movement in Azimuth Creates aSynthetic Aperture ProvidingAzimuth Resolution
Slant Range Images Layover/ Height Ambiguity Shadow
Coherence Ability to form interferometric
SAR products Produces Speckle
Important Imaging Parameters Frequency Resolution
Polarization Depression Angle Aspect
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Imaging Geometry
altitude
nadir
range
swath
depression angle
shadow regionconstantrange
contour
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Broad and Spot Coverage
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Resolution Comparison
T-62 tank: 1, 6, and 4 Ku-Band images
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Frequency Comparison Ku vs. UHF
6-inch resolution
Ku-band
VV polarization
.5 meter resolution
UHF band (570MHz)
VV polarization
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Polarimetric SAR
H H H V
V H V V
Sandia solar collection
tower and Heliostat array.
(X-band)
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Bi-static SAR places Transmitterand Receiver on separatevehicles
Allows unusual geometries stationary transmitter orreceiver,
looking straight ahead
Bi-static SAR
Transmitter SystemTransmitter System
Receiver SystemReceiver System
Ground SceneGround Scene
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Coherent Change Detection - CCD
Reference SAR Image: Grassy Field
CCD Image Changes denoted by dark areas
Current SAR Image: Grassy Field
El ti M d O th tifi d
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Elevation Map and OrthorectifiedSAR Image
Twin Lakes, NM; DTED Level IV
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D t D li d t S t S i d FEMA
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Data Delivered to Secret Service and FEMAfor Olympic Security
RTV IFSAR -- 3 Meter Terrain Park City, Utah
USGS 30-m DEMDTED II
DTED IV
For Additional Information Contact Director JPSD at (703) 704-1940 http://peoiews.monmouth.army.mil/jpsd/home.htm14
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Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED)
DTED I(90 m spacing)
DTED II
(30 m spacing)
DTED III
(10 m spacing)
DTED IV
(3 m spacing)
DTED V
(1 m spacing)
Absolute X, Y, Z
Accuracy (meters)
Relative X ,Y, Z
Accuracy (meters)
DTED
LevelIV
Post
Spacing
(meters)
X-Y Position
(Circular
Er ror 90%
prob.)
Z Position
(Linear
Er ror 90%
prob.)
X-Y Position
(Circular
Er ror 90%
prob.)
Z Position
(Linear
Er ror 90%
prob.)
Spec 3 10 5 2 0.8
RTV 3 2.8 1.6 1.4 0.7
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Stereo SAR
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High Resolution Range ImagingGround Moving Target Indication
Doppler Bin
Range
Bin[4
inches/bin]
MTI Image o f a 2.5 Ton Truck
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2.5 Ton TruckGround
Clutter
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Expanded View of 2.5 Ton Truck
Dop pler Bin
Range
Bin[4
inches/bin]
Expanded V iew of a 2.5 Ton Truck
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Stakes On
Truck Bed
Truck Cab
GMTI M d SAR I
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GMTI Map and SAR ImageGMTI Disp lay Centered on a Bridge Carrying Traff ic
Moving Targets are presentin the Region of Interest
SAR Image of the Brid ge
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Radar illuminates the ground scene Tag modulates, amplifies and
returns signal
Radar processor recovers tag
signal from return Radar determines tag location and
recovers data
Tag appears on radar display
Radar Responsive Tag System
Radar Applications
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Radar Applicationsfor UAVs
Civilian Applications Damage assessment for
hurricanes and fires Monitor urban growth
Snow Cover Assessment Search and Rescue Monitoring Oil Slicks Monitoring Earth
Resources Vegetation Sea ice
Security (mapping) Nonproliferation and treaty
verification
Military Applications Intelligence, Surveillance,
Reconnaissance Mission Planning
Force protection Targeting Battle Damage
Assessment
Mapping Counter CC&D Mine Detection Tags
Combat Identification
(CID) Blue Force Tracking
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UAV Migration
Two capabilities facilitate the migration of radar capabilitiesto UAVs.
Miniaturization of all components.
Increase in real time processing capability.
1991500 lbs, 15 GHz
6-in resolution
16 km range1998
120 lbs, 16.7 GHz
4 -in resolution
35 km range
CCD & GMTI2005
25 lbs, 16.7 GHz
4-in resolution
15 km range
2009(?)
2x2x0.75 REA
16.7 GHz, 4-in res.~10 km range
MiniSAR
MESA SAR
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Baseline Manned Aircraft SAR
GPS
PilotGuidance
HostUser Interface
Display
Data Recording
Phase HistoryData Recording
Antenna GimbalAssembly
Antenna
Gimbal
IMU
RF Front End
Radar ElectronicsAssembly
Radar Control PPC
Motion Measurement
Image Formation PPC
Digital Receiver
RF AssemblyDigital Waveform Synthesizer
RADOME23
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Baseline Unmanned Aircraft SAR
GroundStation
GPS
RadarElectronicsAssembly
Flight Computer& Data Storage
Telemetry
Radar Ground Station
User InterfaceRadar Display
Data Recording / DatabaseMission Planning
AntennaGimbalAssembly
RADOME
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Lynx SAR
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Lynx SAR
Predator UAV
Radar
ElectronicsAssembly
General Atomics AN/APY-8 Lynx Radar in production
High-resolution Ku-band spotlight SAR: 0.1mresolution
Stripmap SAR at arbitrary angles: 0.3mresolution
Exoclutter Moving Target Indicator (MTI)
Near-real-time coherent-change detection (CCD)
Extended range operation: 33 km with 4 mm/hrrain or 55 km without rain at 0.3-m resolution
Low weight and power: 119-lb total weight, < 1.2-kW prime power
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IFSAR Mapping ACTD Radar Sensor
Resolution Elevation 3 m and Imagery 0.75 m
Accuracy Absolute Horizontal & Vertical Accuracy ~ 3m
Currency Most Up-to-Date Geospatial Data Available
3-Dimensional 3D Analysis and Mission Planning
Wide-Area Coverage Up to 9,800 sq km per day
Day/Night and All-Weather Not Affected by Clouds
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Miniature SAR
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SSNLs Next Generation SAR
Goal: Develop a fully-functional, high-performance SAR with atotal weight less than 20 pounds.
Real-time SAR image processing
Resolutions down to 0.1-m
Image quality comparable to current SNL systems Package weight includes:
RF hardware, real-time image processing hardware, motionmeasurement system, and antenna assembly
Approach: 5x size/weight/component cost reduction
(compared to current Sandia systems)
Digital radar elements
Radar receiver Waveform synthesizer
Advanced electronics packaging
High density programmable logic
Novel microstrip patch array Ultra-broad band: > 20%
Lightweight gimbal Lightweight Gimbal
Digital
Waveform
Synthesizer
MiniSAR Specifications
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MiniSAR Specifications
Spec if icat ion Value Notes
Weight 25 lbs (phase 1), 04/05 18 lbs (phase 1b), 12/05
Size ~ 7 cube (REA)
~ 10 cube (AGA)
REA - Radar Electronics Assembly
AGA Antenna Gimbal Assembly
Frequency 16.7 GHz Readily extensible to X/Ka bands
Resolution 4 in. minimum Spotlight mode, real-time
Range 24 km @ 12-in. res.
17 km@4 in. res.
Longer ranges possible with larger
antenna
Transmitter Power 60 W
Modes Spotlight (phase 1) Stripmap, GMTI, CCD (phase 1b)
MiniSAR Radar
Electronics
Chass is (REA)
and Antenna
Gimbal
Assembly
(AGA)
MESASAR:
C lli T h l d S t I ti
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Compelling Technology and System Innovation
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Technology: Fully Integrated Radar Element (FIRE module) Integration Level: Revolutionary leap in integrated RF/digital technology for Radar. Functionality: Incorporate advanced radar waveform generation, power amplification, digital
receiver technology, and bandwidth compression and filtering in small, integrated module.
System: FIRE facilitates multiple, unprecedented Radar system capabilities
Size and Cost: Extreme miniaturization and affordability (Lynx/10) Performance: Broad bandwidth, high fidelity signal generation and data acquisition. Independent Phase Centers:
Combine in large conformal ESAs, with hyper concurrent (multiple, simultaneousbeams/modes).
Single Fiber optical/digital I/O.
FIRE Module Simplified Block DiagramFIRE Module Simplified Block DiagramSolid-
State
Power
Amp
DownconverterReceiver
Digital
Receiver
X4
Exciter
Quadrature
DWS
UpconverterT/R
Switch
Data
Processing
Antenna
CONTROLLER
Optical
Interface
STALO
Fully Integrated Radar Element
Application Architectures
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Application Architectures Scalable Radar Architectures
Single Fire module with RF Mems-based ESA:Ultra-miniature, low cost SAR
4-8 Fire modules with RF MEMs-based ESA:
Current generation radar /10 with enhanced GMTI and IF SARcapability
Tomographic SAR (true 3-D w/ foliage peak through
capabilities)
100+ Fire modules: Large, conformal, agile arrays
Subarray-based true-time delay beam steering
Hyper-concurrency: multiple simultaneous beams and modes
Self-calibrating space-based arrays
Applications
Small UAVs (down to 5 lb payload):
Persistent Surveillance
Medium/large UAVs:
Multi-sensor fusion
Hyper-concurrency (multiple simultaneous modes)
All weather, GPS-denied weapon guidance
Relative targeting coordinates
Loiter-attack munitions (line between weapons and UAVsblurring)
Sensor cost < $60K
2 x 2 FIRE
modules
Summary
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Summary
Radar Remote Sensing provides manycapabilities applicable to UAV missions.
Current and developmental UAV capabilities
include imaging, ground moving target indication,coherent change detection, and mapping.
These are made possible by the combination of
UAV compatible size/weight profiles and real timeprocessing capability.
Expect to see the migration of greater radarcapabilities to UAVs as component andsubsystem sizes shrink.
Further Information
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on Sandia Radar Remote Sensing
For further information regarding Sandia SAR
Programs visit www.sandia.gov/radaror contactBrett Remund at blremun@sandia.gov or (505)-844-1767.
To receive our E-magazine contact KatelynMileshosky at kmmiles@sandia.gov or (505) 844-0378
For further information on MiniSAR and MesaSAR contact Kurt Sorensen atkwsoren@sandia.gov or (505)845-9583
http://www.sandia.gov/radarmailto:blremun@sandia.govmailto:kmmiles@sandia.govmailto:kwsoren@sandia.govmailto:kwsoren@sandia.govmailto:kmmiles@sandia.govmailto:blremun@sandia.govhttp://www.sandia.gov/radar
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