safety

Safety Safety R

un

way

Initiative

ParticipantsParticipants• EASA

• CANSO

• IFALPA

• FAA/CAST

• LVNL

• Boeing

• DGAC France

• Flight Safety Foundation

• IFATCA

• NLR * ALTA

• Airbus

• Embraer

• ACI

• IATA

• ERA

• Eurocontrol

• AAPA

• US NTSB

• AEA

• Honeywell

1. Initial RSI meeting in Amsterdam 7 and 8 Feb 2007

2. Meeting in Brussels 30 and 31 May 2007

3. Meeting in Toulouse 6 and 7 September 2007

4. Meeting in Miami 9 and 10 January 2008

5. Meeting at NTSB in Washington on 7 and 8 May 2008

6. Meeting at EASA in Cologne on 20 and 21 August 2008

7. Meting at Boeing in Seattle on 13 and 14 November

RSI Meetings

Definition:

A Runway safety issue is any safety issue that deals with the runway environment (or any surface being used as a runway) and the areas immediately adjacent to it (e.g. overruns, high speed taxiways).

• Runway Incursions

Runway Safety Issues

• Runway Excursions

• Runway Confusion

New ICAO Definition of Runway Incursion:

“ Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.”

2007 runway safety events

- TAROM runway incursion accident (0 fatalities)- S7 excursion report from MAK (126 fatalities)- Garuda excursion in Indonesia (21 fatalities)- TAM excursion (187 fatalities)

- Southwest Airlines Midway excursion report- Air France A-340 Toronto excursion report

8

Some 2008 Runway Safety Events

- Kalitta B747 excursion (0 fatalities)

- Hewa Bora DC-9 excursion (3 Fatal)

- TACA A-320 excursion (3 Fatal)

- Sudan Airways A-310 excursion (30 fatal)

- Several corporate aircraft fatal excursions

- Continental excursion in Denver (0 fatalities)

Major Accidents Commercial Jets

1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008 Date Operator Aircraft Location Phase Fatal

2 Januray Iran Air F-100 Tehran, Iran Takeoff 0

17 January British Airways B-777 London, England Landing 0

1 February LAB B-727 Trinidad, Bolovia Enroute 0

14 February Belavia CRJ-100 Yerevan, Armenia Takeoff 0

15 April*Hewa Bora Airways

DC-9 Goma, DRC Takeoff 3

25 May* Kalitta Air B-747 Brussels, Belgium Takeoff 0

30 May* TACA A-320Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Landing 3

10 June* Sudan Airways A-310 Khartoum, Sudan Landing 29

30 June Ababeel Aviation IL-76 Khartoum, Sudan Takeoff 4

6 July USA Jet Airlines DC-9 Saltillo, Mexico Approach 1

7 July Kalitta Air B-747 Bogota, Colombia Takeoff 0

20 August Spanair MD-82 Madrid, Spain Takeoff 154

24 August Itek-Air B-737 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Approach 65

30 August Conviasa B-737 Toacaso, Ecuador Enroute 3

14 September

Aeroflot Nord B-737 Perm, Russia Approach 88

22 September* ICARO F-28 Quito, Ecuador Takeoff 0

10 November

Ryanair B-737 Rome, Italy Approach 0

27 November

XL Airways Germany A-320 Perpignan, France Approach 7

20 December*

Continental Arilines

B-737 Denver, CO, USA Takeoff 0

Source: Ascend

Runway Excursion

Major Accidents Business Jets

1 January 2008 to 31 December 2008

Date Operator Aircraft Location PhaseFata

l1 February Symons Living Trust Citation I Agusta, Maine, USA Climb 2

18 February Avion SalesCitation III

Venezuela Enroute 3

4 MarchSouthwest Sports Clinic

Citation I Oklahoma City, USA Takeoff 5

4 March Confort VuelaHS125-800

Monterrey, Mexico Landing 0

30 March Relton Muse Aviation Citation I London, UK Climb 5

12 June FAI Rent-A-Jet Lear 35 Kisangani, DRC Takeoff 0

30 July My AviationEclipse 500

West Chester, PA, USA

Takeoff 0

31 July East Coast JetsHawker 800 Owatonna, MN, USA Approach 8

18 August Corus Hardware Corp Citation I Santo Domingo, DR Climb 1

19 September

Inter Travel and Svcs Lear 60 Colombia, SC, USA Takeoff 4

4 November Mexican Government Lear 45 Mexico City, Mexico Approach 9

7 DecemberTlaxcala State Government Lear 23 Tlaxcala, Mexico Approach 2

Source: Ascend

2008Runway Safety Data

Total Accidents: 97 (44 Jet/53 TP: all Western and Eastern built commercial jet and turboprop aircraft, Major or substantial damage)

Total Incursion Accidents: 0

Total Confusion Accidents: 0

Total Excursion Accidents: 38 (39%) - 32 Fatalities

• Runway Incursions - Good

Data Availability

• Runway Excursions - Good for Accidents and Incidents with Damage

• Runway Confusion - Limited (normally no damage, no injury, no loss of separation)

1977 - KLM / Pan Am

Los Rodeos Airport -Tenerife Canary Islands

February 1991

US Airways Runway Incursion Accident – Los Angeles: Controller cleared aircraftto land with another aircraft on the runway.

SASOctober 2001

SASOctober 2001

Milan, ItalyMilan, Italy

Runway Incursions

• Part of the new breed of safety challenge - Not a lot of accidents - Numerous Incidents• Basic Risk Management: Risk = (Probability) X (Severity)

The Players

• Airports

• ATC

• Regulators

• Operators - Aircrews - Management

• Aircraft Manufacturers

Manufacturers

• Safe/Reliable Aircraft

• Data and procedures for normal operations• Data and procedures for non- normal operations

Operators• Stabilized Approach Criteria• True No-Fault Go Around Policy

• Decision making

- On approach - On the runway

• Training

Airports• Airport Design• Lighting• Approach Aids (e.g. ILS, VASI, PAPI)• Runway Design (crown, grooved)• Runway markings and signage• Runway clearing/cleaning• Runway condition measurement• Runway End Safety Areas• Airport AARF

,

ATC

• Stabilized Approach Assistance

• Pertinent and timely Information

- Weather - Runway Condition

Regulator

• Provide appropriate and professional oversight

• Stabilized Approach requirements

- Approaches with vertical guidance

Runway Safety Products Catalog

Runway Incursion:

Product Title Originator Type Product Target Audience1. ICAO Runway Safety Toolkit ICAO CD and web Aircrew, Airports, ATM, Management2. Runway and Surface Safety FAA CD and web Flight Instructors Pilot Examiners3. Taxi 101 FAA CD and web Maintenance personnel

4. Runway Incursion Prevention FAA, ACI, CD and web Aircrew, Airports, ATM Program IATA, PAAST

5. European Action Plan for the Eurocontrol et al CD and web Aircrews, Airports, ATM Prevention of Runway Incursions Vehicle drivers

6. Runway Incursion CAST JSIT FAA (CAST) CD Aircrews, Airports, ATM Reports

7. FAA Runway Safety Website FAA Web site Aircrews, ATM, Vehicle Drivers8. Enhanced Taxiway Centerline FAA CD and web Aircrews, ATM, Airports

9. AOPA Runway Safety Course FAA, AOPA Web site General Aviation Pilots

10. ALPA Runway Safety Course FAA, ALPA Web site Aircrews

11. ACI Airside Safety Handbook ACI Handbook Airports

12. Runway Safety: It’s Everybody’s FAA Handbook Pilots, Controllers Business

13. Pilot Guide to Runway Safety Sporty’s CD General Aviation Pilots

Runway Excursion

Product Title Originator Type Product Target Audience

1. ALAR Tool Kit Flight Safety Foundation CD Aircrews, ATM, Airports

2. Managing Threats and Errors Flight Safety Foundation Web Aircrews During Approach and Landing: How to avoid a Runway Overrun

3. Takeoff Safety Training Aid FAA CD and web Aircrews

Runway Safety Products Catalog

Runway Safety Products Catalog

Runway Confusion: ??????????? (Many Runway Incursion Products may be applicable here)

Incursion

Safety Data

RunwayConfusion

Excursion

Accident Data1995 – 2008

Commercial Aircraft(Substantial and Major Damage, Western and Eastern built

Turbojets and Turboprops)

Jets Turboprops Major Substantial Major Substantial 286 372 528 243Total 658 771

1,429 Total Accidents

(of all types, not just runway safety accidents)

Number Percent of Total

Incursions: 10 (.7/year) .6%

Excursions: 417 (29.8/year) 29 %

Confusion: 4 (.3/year) .3%

Runway Safety Accident Data

1995 – 20081,429 Total Accidents

Runway Related Accidents 1995 through 2008

Incursion - Turbojet

Excursion Turbojet

Confusion - TurbojetIncursionTurboprop

Excursion Turboprop

Confusion Turboprop

Commercial Transport Aircraft

Runway Safety Data1995 – 2008

Runway Excursion Data

• 36% of Jet accidents

• 24% of Turboprop accidents

• Turboprops have a higher risk of veer-offs Jets have a higher risk of overruns

Business Jet Accidents 1991 -

2002

Total Accidents: 251

Excursions: 63

Excursion %: 25.1%

30 years of Taxiway and Runway Incursion / Confusion Accidents

1996 to 2007

$2,415M

$120M/year752 Fatal94 Serious

$1800M583 F + 59 SRunway collisionB-747 / B-747Tenerife, Canary Islands

27 Mar 1977

$165M42 F + 5 SRunway collisionB-737 / snow plowCranbrook, BC, Canada

11 Feb 1978

$300M93 F + 30 SRunway collisionB-727 / DC-9Madrid, Spain7 Dec 1983

$150M34 FRunway collisionB-737 / Be-1900Los Angeles, CA, USA

2 Feb 1991

Estimated LossFatalities / Serious

AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate

$366M + $35M = $401M total122 F + 71 SRunway collisionMD-87/ CJ-2Milan, Italy8 Oct 2001

$3M + $7M = $10M total1 FRunway collisionMD-83 / Shorts 330Paris, France25 May 2000

$0M + $3M = $3M total0Taxiway collisionB-747 / grass cutterAmsterdam, Netherlands

1997

$42M + $12M = $54M total14 FRunway collisionBe-1900 / Be-490Quincy, IL, USA19 Nov 1996

$0M + $4M = $4M total0Taxi collisionSA-227 / SA-226Denver, CO, USA3 Dec 2003

$250M + $66M = $316M total83 F + 71 SRunway collisionB-747 / construction equipment

Taipei, Taiwan31 Oct 2001

$808M + $142M = $950M

$95M/year269 Fatal142 Serious

$147M + $15M = $162M total49 FTake off on short runway 26

CRJ-100Lexington, KY, USA27 Aug 2006

Estimated LossFatalities / Serious

AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate

$2,415M

$120M/year752 Fatal94 Serious

$1800M583 F + 59 SRunway collisionB-747 / B-747Tenerife, Canary Islands

27 Mar 1977

$165M42 F + 5 SRunway collisionB-737 / snow plowCranbrook, BC, Canada

11 Feb 1978

$300M93 F + 30 SRunway collisionB-727 / DC-9Madrid, Spain7 Dec 1983

$150M34 FRunway collisionB-737 / Be-1900Los Angeles, CA, USA

2 Feb 1991

Estimated LossFatalities / Serious

AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate

$366M + $35M = $401M total122 F + 71 SRunway collisionMD-87/ CJ-2Milan, Italy8 Oct 2001

$3M + $7M = $10M total1 FRunway collisionMD-83 / Shorts 330Paris, France25 May 2000

$0M + $3M = $3M total0Taxiway collisionB-747 / grass cutterAmsterdam, Netherlands

1997

$42M + $12M = $54M total14 FRunway collisionBe-1900 / Be-490Quincy, IL, USA19 Nov 1996

$0M + $4M = $4M total0Taxi collisionSA-227 / SA-226Denver, CO, USA3 Dec 2003

$250M + $66M = $316M total83 F + 71 SRunway collisionB-747 / construction equipment

Taipei, Taiwan31 Oct 2001

$808M + $142M = $950M

$95M/year269 Fatal142 Serious

$147M + $15M = $162M total49 FTake off on short runway 26

CRJ-100Lexington, KY, USA27 Aug 2006

Estimated LossFatalities / Serious

AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate

$100M/year Due to Runway Incursions

Prior to 1996

Three years of Runway Excursion Accidents2005 to 2007

$15MLanded longB737-400Makassar, Indonesia25 Dec 2006

$52M23 F + 15 SLanded long & fastB737-400Yogyakarta, Indonesia

7 Mar 2007

$37MLanded longEMB-190Santa Maria, Columbia

17 Jul 2007

$602M199 F + 11 SLanded longA320Sao Paulo, Brazil17 Jul 2007

$20MLanded long & fastMD-82Phuket, Thailand16 Sep 2007

$60MLanded longA320Butuan, Philippines26 Oct 2007

$10MLanded long & fastB727Lagos, Nigeria7 Sep 2006

$15MLanded longB737-200Tarakan, Indonesia3 Oct 2006

$7MLanded longBAe-146Stord, Norway10 Oct 2006

$20MFloated on wet runwayDC-10Barranquilla, Columbia

17 Nov 2006

$35M1 F + 1 SLate thrust reverserB737-700Chicago, IL, USA8 Dec 2005

$15MThrust reverserMD-82Surabaya, Indonesia4 Mar 2006

$15MLanded longDC-10Managua, Nicaragua4 Jun 2006

$70M131 FThrust reverserA310Irkutsk, Russia9 Jul 2006

$60MLanded long & fastB747-200Dusseldorf, Germany24 Jan 2005

$25MLanded long & fastMD-83Cali, Columbia8 Jan 2005

$235M11 SLanded long & tailwindA340Toronto, Canada2 Aug 2005

$25MUnstable approachDC-10Chittagong, Bangladesh

1 July 2005

$1,518M

$506M/year354 Fatal38 Serious

$200MLanded long & tailwindA340Quito, Ecuador9 Nov 2007

Estimated LossFatalities / Serious

AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate

$15MLanded longB737-400Makassar, Indonesia25 Dec 2006

$52M23 F + 15 SLanded long & fastB737-400Yogyakarta, Indonesia

7 Mar 2007

$37MLanded longEMB-190Santa Maria, Columbia

17 Jul 2007

$602M199 F + 11 SLanded longA320Sao Paulo, Brazil17 Jul 2007

$20MLanded long & fastMD-82Phuket, Thailand16 Sep 2007

$60MLanded longA320Butuan, Philippines26 Oct 2007

$10MLanded long & fastB727Lagos, Nigeria7 Sep 2006

$15MLanded longB737-200Tarakan, Indonesia3 Oct 2006

$7MLanded longBAe-146Stord, Norway10 Oct 2006

$20MFloated on wet runwayDC-10Barranquilla, Columbia

17 Nov 2006

$35M1 F + 1 SLate thrust reverserB737-700Chicago, IL, USA8 Dec 2005

$15MThrust reverserMD-82Surabaya, Indonesia4 Mar 2006

$15MLanded longDC-10Managua, Nicaragua4 Jun 2006

$70M131 FThrust reverserA310Irkutsk, Russia9 Jul 2006

$60MLanded long & fastB747-200Dusseldorf, Germany24 Jan 2005

$25MLanded long & fastMD-83Cali, Columbia8 Jan 2005

$235M11 SLanded long & tailwindA340Toronto, Canada2 Aug 2005

$25MUnstable approachDC-10Chittagong, Bangladesh

1 July 2005

$1,518M

$506M/year354 Fatal38 Serious

$200MLanded long & tailwindA340Quito, Ecuador9 Nov 2007

Estimated LossFatalities / Serious

AccidentAircraft Type(s)LocationDate

$500M/year Due to Runway Excursions

Runway Safety Fatality Data

1995 – 2008

Number of Fatal Accidents (Onboard Fatalities)

Incursions: 5 (129)

1,429 Total Accidents(492 fatal accidents (33%))

Excursions: 34 (712)

Confusion: 2 (132)

Fatal and Non-Fatal Runway Accidents by Type 1995 thru

2008

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Runway Excursion

Runway Confusion

Runway Incursion

Fatal

Non-Fatal

Number of Accidents

Runway Safety Observations

• Severity of runway excursions dependent on:

- Energy of aircraft when departing the runway - Airport layout, geography, and rescue capability

• Data shows we are being effective in preventing runway incursion accidents, but the number of incidents and severity still indicates a very high risk• Data shows runway excursions are the most common type of runway safety accident (96%) and the most common type of fatal runway safety accident (80%)

Runway Safety Observations• New procedures (e.g. Auckland, NZ) may

be helpful in reducing the risk in some runway incursion and runway confusion situations – but not all

• In the case of runway confusion, many runway incursion interventions may be useful (e.g. moving map) • In the case of runway excursions, a major risk reduction factor is flying a stabilized

approach with landing in the touchdown zone

Basics

- Energy = Mass X V2

- Effect of reverse thrust is significantly greater on a contaminated runway

- Calculations and rules are important, but so is adhering to the conditions used to calculate them: * e.g. abort past V1 * Land long, land fast

- Stabilized approach with landing in touch down zone

The Way Forward

RSI Steering Team

Runway Incursions

Runway ExcursionsSupport and

Promote the many current efforts

* ICAO definition * Global Data Base

Lead the effort to reducethe risk of excursions

* Establish data team to determine highest risk areas and develop

interventions * Publish interventions and best

practices, e.g. - Stabilized approaches - No-fault go around policy - Contaminated runway data

• 3 Critical Items for success:

Basic Plan

1. Identify high risk areas (with data) 2. Develop interventions to reduce the risk in the highest risk areas

3. Get information out internationally * On a regionally tailored basis * In a user friendly format

Global Plan to Reduce the Risk of

Runway Excursions

FSF Goal:Make Aviation Safer by reducing the Risk of an Accident