rubber handbook
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RubberHandbook
RubberHandbook
Table of Contents 1
Struktol Rubber Handbook
Table of Contents
About Struktol Company of America 6
Introduction 7
Function of Processing Additives 8
What are Processing Additives? 9
History of Processing Additives 10
Classification of Processing Additives 12
Lubricants 14
Fatty Acids 14
Fatty Acid Esters 15
Metal Soaps 15
Fatty Alcohols 16
Fatty Acid Amides 16
Organosilicones 16
Polyethylene and Polypropylene Waxes 16
Other Products 16
Properties and Mode of Action of Lubricants 17
Processing with Lubricants 24
Struktol Products and their Use 25
Applications with STRUKTOL® ZB 47 25a
Physical and Chemical Peptizers 26
What are the Benefits of Peptizing Agents? 31
Low Viscosity Natural Rubber 32
Processing with Peptizing Agents 33
Struktol Products and their Use 33
Table of Contents 2
Homogenizing Agents 35
Hydrocarbon Resins 37
Coumarone Resins 38
Petroleum Resins 38
Copolymers 38
Terpene Resins 39
Asphalt and Bitumen 39
Rosins 40
Phenolic Resins 41
Lignin 41
Processing with Homogenizing Agents 42
Struktol Products and their Use 42
Dispersing Agents 43
Processing with Dispersing Agents 43
Struktol Products and their Use 43
Tackifiers 44
Processing with Tackifiers 45
Struktol Products and their Use 45
Plasticizers 46
Processing with Plasticizers 49
Struktol Products and their Use 49
Preparations 50
Struktol Products and their Use 52
Metal Oxide Preparation 52
Sulphur Preparations 52
Activators 54
Processing with Cure Activators 59
Table of Contents 3
Silane Coupling Agents 60a
Properties 60a
An Overview 60c
Rubber Industry Applications 60f
Parting Agents 61
Parting Agents for Uncured Compounds and In-process Materials 61
Mold Release Agents 62
Dusting Agents 63
Organic Mold Release Agents 64
Silicone Oils 65
Semi-permanent Mold Release Agents 65
Compound Lubricants 66
Struktol Products and their Use 67
Mandrel Release Agents 67
Semi-permanent Mold Release Agents 68
Struktol Permalease Grades 68
Silicone Oils 69
Mold Cleaning Compounds 70
The Influence of Processing Additives on Discoloration 70
Peroxide Disperisons 70a
Peroxide Demand 71
Rubber to Metal Adhesion 72
Test Methods – Assessment of Processing Additives 72
Dispersion and Homogeneity 73
Rheological Tests 73
Mooney Shearing Disc Viscosimeter 74
Defo Tester 74
Table of Contents 4
High Pressure Capillary Rheometer 74
Torsion Strain Rotorless Shear Rheometer 74
Rubber Processability Analyzer 75
Oscillating Disc Cure Meter 75
Laboratory Extruder 75
Plasticorder 75
Laboratory Open Mill and Spiked Roller 75
Rheo-vulcameter 76
Transfer Sprial Test 76
Building Tack 77
Mold Release 77
Processing Additives in Pharmaceutical Articles 78
Ecology and Toxicology of Processing Additives 82
Application of Processing Agents - Examples
Lubricants 84
Peptizers 86
Homogenizing and Tackifiers 88
Plasticizers 90
Metal Oxide Preparations 92
Sulphur Preparations 94
Vulcanization Activators 96
Mold Release Agents 98
Mold Release Agents / Shaped Hose Release Agents 100
Mold Cleaning Compounds 102
Lubricants in Selected Elastomers 104
Higher Extrusion Rates with STRUKTOL® WB 16 112
STRUKTOL® WS 280 Paste in FKM 114
STRUKTOL® WB 42 – Bloom Study 116
Table of Contents 5
STRUKTOL® ZP 1014 – Curative for XNBR 119
STRUKTOL® ZEH vs. Stearic Acid in NR 120
Homogenization Study 123
Mold Cleaning with STRUKTOL® MC-A 124
Additional Useful Information
Crazing 125
Frosting 126 Revision – Sept. 2004 STP0206 /rca
6 About Struktol Company of America
About Struktol Company of America
Struktol Company of America is a member of the Schill & Seilacher family of companies, with
representation in over 100 countries around the world. A global organization with over a century
of specialty chemical expertise, Schill & Seilacher markets most of their polymer processing
products under the brand name STRUKTOL® - a name that has become synonymous with both
quality and performance. Struktol chemicals are found in rubber and plastics as well as man-
made fibers, textiles and leather and paper products. Since the late 1970’s, Struktol has become
North America’s dominant force in performance additives for the polymer industry. Struktol has
committed its research and development, ISO Certification and premier customer service to
establishing a leadership role with engineered additives for the rubber and plastics compounder.
The Struktol approach to the polymer additive business is by no means typical or ordinary.
Chemistry is as the heart of everything we do. Providing Intelligent Additive Solutions for
polymers and compounds, Struktol products are designed to meet the challenges and exacting
demands of our customers. Our technical specialists, R&D chemists and compound laboratory
are dedicated to creating innovative solutions for the ever-changing polymer industry; solutions
that keep you ahead of your competition with increased productivity, better quality parts and
lower overall cost.
In addition to premium product performance, Struktol customer service initiatives have become
the industry benchmark.
www.struktol.com
Lubricants 25
Struktol Products and their Use STRUKTOL® WB 222 is an ester of saturated fatty acids. It is a highly effective lubricant and release agent predominantly used for polar elastomers. STRUKTOL® WB 212 is based on high molecular, hydrophilic fatty acid ester. The product serves as a dispersing agent for powdered materials and has excellent release properties. STRUKTOL® WB16 is an excellent lubricant mainly for non-polar rubbers. As a mixture of calcium soaps and amides of saturated fatty acids it can exhibit an activating effect. STRUKTOL® HPS 11 is composed of fatty acid derivatives, which have been designed and selected to give maximum polymer to additive interactions. HPS 11 is effective in increasing flow, promoting release, and improves overall processing. STRUKTOL® WB 42, a blend of fatty acid derivatives, provides improved flow in a wide range of elastomers. STRUKTOL® W A 48 is successfully used in epichlorohydrin rubber as an effective release agent and lubricant. STRUKTOL® W 34 is a dispersing agent and lubricant for nearly all elastomers. Faster filler incorporation and avoidance of filler agglomeration in highly filled compounds can be achieved. STRUKTOL® WS 180 and STRUKTOL® WS 280 are organosilicone compounds which combine outstanding release performance with good flow properties. STRUKTOL® WS 180 can drastically reduce mold contamination. STRUKTOL® ZB 47 is a formulated zinc soap that can be used for masticating NR compounds. Also offers heat stability (Reversion Resistance). Very effective in mineral filled NR compounds. STRUKTOL® A 50, and A 60 are zinc soaps of unsaturated fatty acids. They are mainly used as physical peptizers in NR compounds STRUKTOL® EF 44 A is a blend of fatty acid derivatives with zinc soaps predominating. The product is especially suitable for extrusions. It acts as a cure activator. STRUKTOL® HM 97 is a mixture of low viscosity polyethylene waxes. Due to their special lubricating effect, HM 97 is highly recommended in EPMD compounds. *For further information on ZB 47 contact Struktol for our new ZB 47 Brochure and CD.
Struktol Company of America201 E. Steels Corners Road • P. O. Box 1649 • Stow, Ohio 44224-0649
25a Lubricants
Producers of Specialty Chemicals
Struktol Rubber Lab
Project 04003
February 3, 2004 (addition April 20, 2004)
Project: Evaluate STRUKTOL® ZB 47 in a black / silica natural rubber tread compound with and without silane coupling agent. Conclusion: The combination of 1 phr disulfide silane (added as STRUKTOL®SCA 985 PL) with ZB 47 (added at 2.5 and 5 phr) showed both processing and physical property synergism. When the silane was added it was at a level of 5% of the silica. The mixing curves show that most of the processing improvements came from the addition of ZB 47. There is a faster incorporation and lower mixing torque. The resulting Mooney viscosity of the compounds was significantly improved with a drop of about 40 points with the initial viscosity, and 10-15 points with the ML (1+4). In addition, the scorch delay shows significant improvements with the combined products. The rheometer cure reflects the viscosity improvements as well as the cure delay. The final T90 was increased about 1 to 2 minutes with the combination. There were only minor shifts in max torque. The reversion resistance was the greatest for the combination. Cured physicals showed an increase in modulus with the silane and even a greater increase with the combination. The ZB 47 by itself gave a slight increase in state of cure. On air aging the retention of physicals was good. The combination gave the lowest % change. Tear resistance (Die C) was improved with all stocks over the non-coupled control. The dynamic properties as measured by rebound, Firestone Flexometer, and tan delta were all improved by the combination of additives. The biggest change is seen in the long-term dynamic distortion on the Flexometer where the combination was shut off before the sample failed. The compounded stock was aged 11 weeks and then tested for processing as stored. There was an increase in initial viscosity of 40 to 50 Mooney units for the ZB 47 containing stocks. The initial reading for the blank and the silane stock was off scale. The ML (1+4) for these two stocks was higher than the initial readings for the ZB 47 stocks. The ZB 47 stocks showed only a 5-6 point increase for ML (1+4). The extruder results also showed that the ZB 47/silane decreased the pressure and torque, and increased the rate. The quality of the extrudate was the best with the combination of ZB 47 and silane.
Lubricants 25b
Formulae 1 2 3 4 5 6
SMR 5 100 100 100 100 100 100
STRUKTOL A 86 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25
N220 40 40 40 40 40 40
SILLCA VN3 20 20 20 20 20 20
STEARIC ACID 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
ZNO 4 4 4 4 4 4
6PPD 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
FLECTOL H 1 1 1 1 1 1
STRUKTOL 40 MS 6 6 6 6 6 6
STRUKTOL SCA 985PL 0 2 0 0 2 2
STRUKTOL ZB 47 0 0 2.5 5 2.5 5
2ND PASS
TBBS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
SULFUR 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
TOTAL: 179.25 181.25 181.75 184.25 183.75 186.25
First Pass Compound Temperature (°C) Energy (WH)
1 - Control 1 140 217
2 – SCA 985PL 137 197
3 – ZB47, 2.5 140 202
4 – ZB47, 5 136 183
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 139 190
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 135 176 Note: 70% fill factor
25c Lubricants
Rheometer Data 160°C; 3° arc; 100 Range; 30 minutes
Compound Min Torque
Max Torque Ts2 T50 T90
T-2 Reversion
1 - Control 1 19.59 76.01 3.75 7.29 8.63 13.29 2 – SCA 985PL 18.92 80.45 4.00 7.08 8.33 13.71 3 – ZB47, 2.5 16.23 75.74 3.75 8.13 9.63 15.29 4 – ZB47, 5 15.75 72.98 3.83 8.58 10.29 18.00 5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 16.29 78.16 4.08 8.00 9.50 18.00 6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 15.15 75.74 4.33 8.42 10.25 25.92
Mooney Viscosity ML (1+4) @ 100°C
Compound Initial Viscosity
Initial Viscosity aged 11 weeks ML (1+4)
ML (1+4) Aged 11 weeks
1 - Control 1 147.5 - 86.6 213.5 2 – SCA 985PL 150.7 - 85.8 218.4 3 – ZB47, 2.5 123.8 196.6 76.0 83.7 4 – ZB47, 5 113.2 154.5 74.0 79.4 5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 125.5 177.4 74.5 80.7 6 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 5 113.6 161.4 70.7 75.4
Extruder Data
Brabender Plasti-Corder Garvey Die, 3:1 Meeting Screw Cold feed 19 mm roller feeder
Compound Torque RPM Temp PSI Weight (g) 10 inch
One minute Extrudate
Surface Rating Edge
1 - Control 1 66.6 26 108 864 25.98 24.58 B #6 2 – SCA 985PL 54.3 26 108 726 25.44 26.29 B #7 3 – ZB47, 2.5 56.0 26 117 736 26.93 26.76 A #8 4 – ZB47, 5 54.2 26 115 733 27.06 27.41 A #8 5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 56.8 26 112 747 26.82 25.93 A #9 6 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 5 51.0 27 107 690 25.64 26.47 A #9
Lubricants 25d
Mooney Scorch ML @ 125°C
Compound Min Torque T5 T35 Cure Index
1 - Control 1 72.1 24.41 40.95 16.54
2 – SCA 985PL 72.5 29.95 38.24 8.29
3 – ZB47, 2.5 65.8 28.75 45.84 17.09
4 – ZB47, 5 63.9 33.41 49.19 15.78
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 64.3 33.72 46.23 12.51
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 60.6 37.66 47.82 10.16
Tensile Data Unaged
Compound Cure Time 160°C
Shore A Duro
Tensile (MPa)
Elongation (%)
100% Mod. (MPa)
200% Mod. (MPa)
300% Mod.
(MPA) 1 - Control 1 9 62 24.0 635 1.6 4.0 8.1
2 – SCA 985PL 8 67 25.2 620 2.0 5.0 9.8
3 – ZB47, 2.5 10 65 22.9 597 1.8 4.2 8.3
4 – ZB47, 5 10 65 23.6 643 1.7 4.0 7.6
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 10 69 24.8 612 2.1 5.3 9.8
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 10 67 26.6 605 2.3 5.6 10.2
Oven Aged 70 Hrs @ 100°C Cmpd
Shore A
Duro
Points Change
Tensile (MPa)
Pct. Change
Elong (%)
Pct. Change
100% Mod. (MPa)
Pct. Change
200% Mod. (MPa)
Pct. Change
300% Mod. (MPa)
Pct. Change
1 71 +9 21.7 -9.6 498 -21.6 3.3 106 8.1 103 13.7 69
2 76 +9 22.3 -11.5 477 -23.1 3.8 90 9.4 88 15.2 55
3 75 +10 23.8 3.9 495 -17.1 3.9 117 9.2 119 15.1 82
4 77 +12 19.8 -16.1 454 -29.4 3.4 100 8.0 100 13.1 72
5 75 +6 23.5 -5.2 510 -16.6 4.0 90 9.6 81 15.1 54
6 76 +9 22.5 -15.4 471 -22.1 4.1 78 9.5 70 15.0 47
25e Lubricants
Firestone Flexometer Heat Build-up
250 lb. Weight; 0.325” Throw; 45 min. test Compound Cure Time @ 160°C Duro Temp. °C
1 - Control 1 36 57 164
2 – SCA 985PL 32 64 129
3 – ZB47, 2.5 40 58 141
4 – ZB47, 5 40 61 139
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 40 63 133
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 40 64 127
Blow Out 250 lb. Weight; 0.325” Throw; test until sample fails
Compound Time
1 - Control 1 1 Hr 5 Min
2 – SCA 985PL 11 Hrs 20 Min
3 – ZB47, 2.5 3 Hrs 50 Min
4 – ZB47, 5 14 Hrs 42 Min
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 >103 Hrs
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 > 143 Hrs 51 Min
Tear Strength ASTM D-624 Die C
Compound Tear Strength (N/mm)
1 - Control 1 92.6
2 – SCA 985PL 132.5
3 – ZB47, 2.5 95.2
4 – ZB47, 5 102.2
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 113.3
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 108.3
Lubricants 25f
Rebound Compound 0°C Room Temp 100°C
1 - Control 1 18 35 50
2 – SCA 985PL 16 34 53
3 – ZB47, 2.5 16 33 51
4 – ZB47, 5 15 33 52
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 17 34 54
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 15 32 55
MER / COMPRESSION / CYLINDRICAL / 1 HZ / 23°C Compound Complex Power Loss Power Tan Delta Stiffness
1 - Control 1 .3198 .05150 .163 37.21
2 – SCA 985PL .2016 .02703 .135 15.54
3 – ZB47, 2.5 .2556 .04223 .167 12.23
4 – ZB47, 5 .2145 .03164 .149 14.63
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 .2052 .02953 .145 15.35
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 .1841 .02400 .131 16.94
MER / COMPRESSION / CYLINDRICAL / 1 HZ 100°C Compound Complex Power Loss Power Tan Delta Stiffness
1 - Control 1 .1534 .0656 .131 6.118
2 – SCA 985PL .4330 .0482 .112 7.219
3 – ZB47, 2.5 .5836 .0796 .152 5.403
4 – ZB47, 5 .5043 .0597 .119 6.18
5 – SCA985PL, ZB47, 2.5 .4400 .04452 .102 7.154
6 – SCA985PL, ZB 47, 5 .4257 .04041 .095 7.341
25g Lubricants
Mix Data-Control/Si
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (Sec.)
Ener
gy (K
W)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Tem
pera
ture
(F°)
Motor (KW) ControlMotor (KW) SiTemperature (F°) ControlTemperature (F°) Si
Figure 1
Mix Data-Control/2.5ZB
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 50 100 150 200 250Time (Sec.)
Ener
gy (K
W)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Tem
pera
ture
(F°)
Motor (KW)Motor (KW) 2.5ZBTemperature (F°)Temperature (F°) 2.5ZB
Figure 2
Lubricants 25h
Mix Data-Control/5.0ZB
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (Sec.)
Ener
gy (K
W)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Tem
pera
ture
(F°)
Motor (KW) Control
Motor (KW) 5.0ZB
Temperature (F°) Control
Temperature (F°) 5.0ZB
Figure 3
Mix Data-Control/2.5ZB, Si
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 50 100 150 200 250Time (Sec.)
Ener
gy (K
W)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Tem
pera
ture
(F°)
Motor (KW) ControlMotor (KW) 2.5ZB, SiTemperature (F°) ControlTemperature (F°) 2.5ZB, Si
Figure 4
25i Lubricants
Mix Data-Control/5.0ZB, Si
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (Sec.)
Ener
gy (K
W)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Tem
pera
ture
(F°)
Motor (KW) ControlMotor (KW) 5.0ZB, SiTemperature (F°) ControlTemperature (F°) 5.0ZB, Si
Figure 5
Lubricants 25j
STRUKTOL® ZB 47 Developed for high natural rubber compounds, both black and mineral-filled, ZB 47 allows for:
• Lower compound viscosity
• Lower heat build-up
• Higher compound modulus
• Improved permanent set
• Improved physical properties
• Improved dynamic properties
• Improved blowout resistance
• Improved heat aged properties
• Improved cut growth resistance
With STRUKTOL® ZB 47 you will have lower mixing temperatures, faster filler incorporation, and faster mixing cycles!
Contact Struktol Company of America now for our new brochure on ZB 47.
Phone: 800-327-8649 or 330-928-5188
E-mail: customerservice@struktol.com
42 Homogenizing Agents
Processing with Homogenizing Agents The homogenizing agents are usually added at the beginning of the mixing cycle, particularly when elastomer blends are used. They exhibit optimum effectiveness at around their softening temperature. The recommended dosage is between 4 and 5 phr. Difficult to blend elastomers will require an addition of 7 to 10 phr. Struktol Products and their Use STRUKTOL® 40 MS FLAKES is a mixture of dark, aromatic hydrocarbon resin which has a very good compatibility with most standard elastomers, such as SBR, NR, NBR, CR, IIR, BIIR, EPDM and BR and is used in elastomer blends and homopolymer compounds. Blending of elastomers with different polarities and/or viscosities are significantly facilitated. In particular difficult to process tire tube and innerliner compounds have been significantly improved with STRUKTOL 40 MS FLAKES. STRUKTOL 60 NS FLAKES is a mixture of light-colored aliphatic hydrocarbon resin. It is designed for light-colored compounds where non-staining is specified. Its action is comparable with that of STRUKTOL 40 MS FLAKES. This product has proven its value, particularly in compounds based on NBR/EPDM blends. STRUKTOL TH 10 A is a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic resins. It is a processing additive that gives good tack and homogeneity in row compounds. Due to the balanced combination of the tackifying resins and homogenizing agent, an optimum dispersion of the ingredients in the raw compound is achieved which maintains its greet tack for several weeks under normal storage conditions. STRUKTOL® TH 64 is a mixture of low molecular weight resins. It can be used as a tackifier for natural and synthetic elastomers for improving long-term building tack. STRUKTOL® STRUKREZ 110 is a polymeric resin blend. Blending of elastomers with different polarities or viscosities are significantly facilitated. STRUKTOL® STRUKREZ 220 is a molecular assembled resin designed for unique qualities in polymer processing. Green tack is improved with STRUKREZ 220.
Silane Coupling Agents
Silane Coupling Agents 60a
Struktol Silane Coupling Agents are used in rubber compounding. They provide coupling of non-black pigments to the polymer backbone allowing for: Improved abrasion resistance, Higher compound modulus, Lower hystersis, Improved compression set, Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds.
Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data: Product form:
STRUKTOL® SCA 98
Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide
• Improves reinforcing capabilities of fillers with silanol groups
Sulfur content: Specific gravity:
21-23% 1.089
Yellow liquid
• Improves abrasion resistance
• Provides higher compound modulus
• Improves rolling resistance in tread compounds
STRUKTOL® SCA 98CB
Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: Specific gravity:
10-12% 1.34
Black powder
STRUKTOL® SCA 98PL
Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: Specific gravity:
10-12% 1.00
Pale yellow pastille
STRUKTOL® SCA 98WT
Same as SCA 98 • Same as SCA 98 Sulfur content: Specific gravity:
7.5-16% 1.43
Off white powder
STRUKTOL® SCA 984 3-Thiocyanatopropyltriethoxy
silane • Improves compound modulus
Sulfur content: 12% Amber colored
• Improves compression set liquid
• Improves abrasion resistance
Specific gravity: 1.03
STRUKTOL® SCA 985
Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide
• Improves reinforcing capabilities of fillers with silanol groups
Sulfur content: Specific gravity:
12-14% 1.04
Yellow liquid
• Improves abrasion resistance
• Provides higher compound modulus
• Improves rolling resistance in tread compounds
Silane Coupling Agents
60b Silane Coupling Agents
Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data: Product form:
STRUKTOL® SCA 985PL
Bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide
• Same as SCA 985 Sulfur content: Specific gravity:
6-7% 1.00
Pale orange pastille
STRUKTOL® SCA 989 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxy • Improves tensile strength MPTES content ≥95% Clear liquid
silane • Improves tear strength
• Improves abrasion resistance
Specific gravity: 0.98
STRUKTOL® SCA 989 WT 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxy
silane • Same as SCA 989 SCA 989 content:
Specific gravity:
70% 1.20
Light gray powder
STRUKTOL® SCA 960 γ-Glycidyloxypropyl
trimethoxy silane • Mainly used in glass reinforced epoxy resin, ABS, nylon and PBT
SCA 960 content: >95.0% Clear liquid
• Improves tensile strength Density: 1.070+0.050 • Improves tear strength
• Improves relative extensibility
STRUKTOL® SCA 972 Vinyl tri(2-methoxyethoxy)
silane • Improves the reinforcing capability of fillers with silanol groups in peroxide cured compounds
SCA 972 content: Density:
>98.0% 1.040+0.020
Clear liquid
• Improves tensile strength
• Improves tear strength
• Improves abrasion resistance
STRUKTOL® SCA 974 γ-Methacryloxypropyl
trimethoxy silane • Improves coupling of fillers with silanol groups, and fiberglass in the resin/ polymer matrix
SCA 974 content: Density:
>97.0% 1.040+0.020
Clear liquid
STRUKTOL® SCA 974WT Same as SCA 974 • Same as SCA 974 SCA 974 content:
Density:
70.0+2.0 1.598+0.020
Clear liquid
STRUKTOL® SCA 1100 Aminopropyl triethoxy silane • Improves the reinforcing
properties of fillers containing hydroxyl groups
Min. purity: Specific gravity:
98.0% 0.941+0.01
Colorless liquid
(07/07/04)AAC/rca
Silane Coupling Agents 60c
STRUKTOL® SCA 98 & SCA 985
An Overview
STRUKTOL® SCA 98 and SCA 985 are silane coupling agents for use in rubber compounding.
When used in rubber compounding, they provide coupling of non-black pigments to the polymer
backbone allowing for:
Improved abrasion resistance
Higher compound modulus
Lower hysteresis
Improved compression set
Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds
The theory for their effectiveness is that the silane portion of the molecule couples with OH
groups on the silica and silicate surfaces in non-black pigments. The sulfur portion of the mole-
cule is available for curing activity and can enter into the vulcanization mechanism. The SCA 98
is a tetra-sulfide silane while the SCA 985 is a di-sulfide silane. When the SCA 985 is used as a
1:1 replacement for the SCA 98, a reduction in the cured modulus and maximum tensile may be
noticed. This can usually be regained by increasing the sulfur level in the final mix pass.
THE REINFORCEMENT OF NON-BLACK FILLERS IS ENHANCED BY STRUKTOL®SCA 98 & SCA 985
Suggested Dosage phr Levels per 100 phr filler
Silica, ppt 3 – 13
Clay 0.3 – 1.0
Calcium Stearate 6 – 7
Magnesium Silicate (talc) 1 – 4
Fumed Silica 3 - 15
60d Silane Coupling Agents
MIXING AND DUMP TEMPERATURE
Part or all of the non-black filler should be dispersed with the STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985
in the first mixing stage. The remaining ingredients should be added after the silane coupling
agent and the filler have been incorporated. Curatives should be added in the last mixing stage.
SUGGESTED TYPICAL MIX SCHEDULE 0' Rubber
½' ½ to all non-black pigment STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985
2½' Black, if present, oil, stearic acid, zinc oxide
3½' AO2 , AO3
4½' Clean
5' Dump
Because of the sulfur present in the STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985, it is necessary to control
the maximum mixing temperature.
The following are recommended dump temperatures:
Natural Rubber 150°C
SBR 150-160°C
NBR 140°C
Silane Coupling Agents 60e
POLYMERS AND STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 EFFECTIVENESS ACM NDA IIR GOOD CM GOOD XNBR GOOD EPDM EXCELLENT ECO EXCELLENT FKM NDA HIIR HALOBUTYL GOOD CSM EXCELLENT NATURAL RUBBER EXCELLENT CR EXCELLENT NBR EXCELLENT BR EXCELLENT IR EXCELLENT SBR EXCELLENT URETHANTE GOOD VAMAC GOOD Excellent - STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 favorably influences properties, producing
significant improvements in physical properties and state of cure.
Good - STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 has an effect on physical properties producing enhanced
modulus and improved abrasion.
NDA - No data available in actual experience with STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985.
60f Silane Coupling Agents
AREAS OF RUBBER INDUSTRY WHERE
STRUKTOL® SCA 98/SCA 985 WOULD BE BENEFICIAL
Footwear - abrasion resistance
- cutting and chunking resistance
- flex life improvement
Rolls - abrasion resistance
- aging resistance
- processing
- set reduction (better load bearing)
- reduced water swell
- lower hysteresis
Mechanical Molded Goods
- increased modulus
- better heat aging
- compression set reduction
- dynamic property improvement
- reduced swell to polar liquids
- filler substitution (non-black for black)
Hose - improved abrasion on cover
- better heat aging
- increased modulus
- lower compression set
- improved adhesion to reinforcing elements
Solid Tires - improved abrasion
- lower hysteresis
- higher modulus
- improved processing
Silane Coupling Agents 60g
Tires - treads for abrasion, hot tear, improved rolling resistance,
- lower hystersis
- carcass for adhesion and/or filler substitution
- breaker (belt) stocks for adhesion
Belts - Flat Belts - increased abrasion
- improved reversion resistance
- reduced cost with clay substitution for black
- improved cord adhesion
- increased flex life and modulus
Belts - V Belts - increased modulus
- improved abrasion
- longer flex life
- improved adhesion to reinforcing elements
60h Silane Coupling Agents
Struktol Silane Coupling Agents
Struktol silane coupling agents are for use in rubber compounds, particularly mineral-filled, and
allow for:
• Lower compound viscosity
• Higher compound modulus
• Improved abrasion resistance
• Lower hysteresis
• Improved compression set
• Improved rolling resistance in tire tread compounds
• Improved dispersibility
• Faster incorporation
Contact Struktol Company of America now for our Silane Coupling Agents brochure with CD.
Phone: 800-327-8649 or 330-928-5188
E-mail: customerservice@struktol.com
Peroxide Dispersions 70a
Peroxide Dispersions Struktol peroxide dispersions are widely used in crosslinking several polymers in the
rubber industry, as well as acting as a viscosity reducer in polypropylene. The
proprietary carriers aid in dispersing the peroxide and will reduce incorporation time.
Product name: Chemical composition: Features: Typical data: Product form:
STRUKTOL® Peroxide DCP 70
70% active Dicumyl • Higher peroxide content • FDA sanctioned • Improved dispersion • Easy handling
Melting point: Specific gravity:
30-40 °C 1.071
white pastille
STRUKTOL® Peroxide DBDB 60
60% active α,α’-bis (tert-butylperoxy)-diisopropylbenzene
• Higher peroxide content • Improved dispersion • Easy handling
Dropping point: Specific gravity:
73-82 °C 0.955
off-white pastille
124 Examples for the Application of Processing Agents
MOLD CLEANING WITH STRUKTOL® MC-A
Moving Die Rheometer Cavity
Press Mold
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