romanesque to eclecticism

HWA JIAM ROSARIO 1ID-4

ROMANESQUE AND NORMAN PERIOD

ROMANESQUE AND NORMAN

•11TH and 12th Century•Western Europe•Contains elements of Early Medieval, Carolingian and Byzantine Art.•Derived from Roman Art.

Architecture1. The Round Arch

a. semi-circular – round arch whose intrados is a full semicircle

GREAT BRITAIN, DURHAM, CATHEDRAL

Architecture• 1. The Round Arc

b. segmental – shallow arc;arc that is less than a semicircle

PERSIMMON HOMES

Architecture• The Round Arch

c. stilted –arc begins above the impost line

ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN

Architecture• The Round Arch

d. horseshoe arch- also calledmoorish arc and keyhole arc

The Reales Alcazares of Sevilla

Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations

a. chevron – zigzag

WORMS CATHEDRAL

Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations

b. nailheads- series of smallcontiguous projecting pyramids

St. Mary's Church, New Ross, County Wexford - Piscina

Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations

c. billet – formed by series of circular, cylinders, disposedalternately with notches

STRAGGLETHORPE

Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations

d. lozenges – tongue-like prostrusions- diamond shape

ROCHESTER

Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations

e. cable – imitation of rope or cord

BECKFORD

Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations

f. star- also called chip-carved star, motive star flower, or saltire cross

ALHAMBRA

Architecture• Capitals

a. Cushion- modeled like a bowl-also called block cushion or cubic capital

MICHAELSKIRCHE, HILDESHEIM

Architecture• Capitals

a. Scalloped – each lunette is developed into several truncated cones.

ST. PETER’S CHURCH

Architecture• Roofs

-over hung the walls for drainage purposes-supported by a cornice at the top of the wall

(gutters)-stood upon corbels

*corbel table – cornice & corbels

Architecture• Roof

*Corbels *Parapet

*Corbel Table

Architecture• Ribbed Vault – vault in which the surface is

divided into webs by a framework of diagonal arched ribs

*vault – an arched brick or stone ceiling or roof

Architecture• Doorways

- inner arch was filled by a stone slab called a TYMPANUM which acted as the focal point of the ornament

ST. GERMANUS CHURCH OF THE BLESSED

KILPECK CHURCH VIRGIN MARY, SOMERSET

Architecture

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Cathedrals

- cruciform plan

* Latin cross plan – nave is longer *Greek Cross Plan – four equal arms

Architecture

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Cathedrals

- three horizontal stages

a. Ground floor arcade b. Triforium arcade

Architecture

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Cathedrals

-clerestory arcade – comprisesa row of windows

-towers and steeples were simple, wide, low, richly ornamented on all fourfaces with arcading

Architecture

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Monasteries-arrange around a quadrangle-sited just outside the city gates

a. churchb. cloisterc. dormitoryd. librarye. almonryf. infirmaryg. abbot’s lodging

Architecture

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Monasteries

*Monastery of Saint-Martin-du-Conigou

France, 1001-26

Architecture

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Castles

- first called as keep-stood on hills-started as defense structure

Architecture

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Castles

Neuschwanstein Castle, GermanyCardiffe Castle,

England

Architecture

FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Fortress

- buildings or structures designed for the defense of territories

GOTHIC PERIOD

GOTHIC• 12TH – 15TH Century• OPUS FRANGENICUM (French Work)• dating from after the Norman period but

before the renaissance.

GOTHIC• Early English or Lancet

-made use of plain quadripartite ribbed vault, slender tower with spires and butresses

CATHEDRAL OF MILAN

GOTHIC• Early English or Lancet

- windows were lancets

- developed TRACERY*trefoil*quatrefoil*cinque foil

CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL

GOTHIC• Decorated

- two types of tracerya. geometric-motifs based upon thecircle and its components parts

b. curvilinear-complicated patterns

GOTHIC• Decorated

- bar tracery

-stone vaulting1. intervening ribs2. lierne ribs

SAINT SEVERIN, PARIS

GOTHIC• Perpendicular

-horizontal panel decoration (WAINSCOTING)-windows are vertically divided by MULLIONS-windows are horizontally divided by

TRANSOMS-the head may be enclosed by obtuse arch or

FOUR CENTERED ARCH

GOTHIC• Perpendicular

-fan vaulting-timber roof-rose windows

GOTHIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE1. Pointed arch- flexible than the round arch2. Ribbed vaulting to fan vaulting3. Thin pointed vaults supported by slender columns 4. Flying buttress- provide support at strategic

positions

GOTHIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE5. Pinnacles- a small turret-like termination on top of buttresses, parapets or elsewhere, bunches of foilage called CROCKET6. Spire- the tapering termination of a tower7. Gables- Triangular position of wall8. Piers -clustered pillars were used instead of column9. Lierne ribs- flame like ribs branching from a main rib

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

RENAISSANCE

• French word meaning “rebirth”• Considered to be a cultural

movement • Rebirth of the art of classic antiquity

that occurred in Italy in the 14th C• Successfully adapted in France• Humanism was recognized

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Dante

-Dante Alighieri -Philospher, Scholar, Poet- The Divine Comedy

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Petrarch

-Francisco Petrarca-Philospher, Poet- Father of Humanism- Father of the Renaissance

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Boccaccio

-Giovanni Boccaccio-Poet, Storyteller- Decameron

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance Architecture

-largely inspired by the rediscovery of classical form s and principles

Examples:a. Dome of the Cathedral of Florence• Filippo Brunelleschi- Bruneslleschi studied classical architecture in Rome- Architect, Engineer- Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:a. Dome of the Cathedral of Florence• Filippo Brunelleschi- Considered the founder of the Renaissance style- Devised a double shell structure- Gothic principle of construction- Corinthian orders- Pilasters and entablature

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:b. Ospedale Degli Innocenti (Foundling Hospital)- Brunelleschi- Built by Giovanni Medici for the poor, forgotten and

homeless- italian banker- founder of Medici Bank

- Symmetry of designs

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:c. Palazzo Medici-Ricardi (1444)- Architect Michelozzo under the instruction of Cosimo de

Medici-Michelozzo an italian architect & sculptor-Cosimo de Medici known as “Cosimo the Elder” &

“Cosimo Pater Patriae”- (16th C.) Michaelangelo added pedimented windows- (17th C.) bought by Ricadi Family

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:d. Palazzo Pitti (AD 1435)- Erected by Luca Pitti, a friend of Cosimo de Medici, is the

largest palace in Italy excepting Vatican- Luca Pitti was a florentine banker

- Symmetrical plan- Ashlar masonry

RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:e. Palazzo Rucellai• Leon Battista Alberti

- author, artist, poet, linguist, philosopher, cryptographerr

-Renaissance humanist polymath• Superimposed pilasters• Use of 3 different orders:

1. TUSCAN – ground2. COMPOSITE – second3. CORINTHIAN – third

• Alberti adapted the articulation of the Colisseum

RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

1. High Renaissance – Rome- Less concerned with rational order than the visual

effectiveness- Popes-Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael

Examples:a. Tempiettto - Donato Bramante (1441-1514)

- italian architect- St. Peter’s Basilica

- Small temple marked the spot of St. Peter’s crucifixion- More sculptural than architectural in the manner of Greek

temples- 15ft in diameter

RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

1. High Renaissance – RomeExamples:b. Capitoline Hill• Campidoglio Rome 1564, Michelangelo

- Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni-Sculptural and humanistic-The Place of Senate, Conservatory, Capitoline

Museum (overlooking the plazza; in the center stands the statue of Marcus Aurelius)• Political center of Rome in Ancient times

RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

1. High Renaissance – RomeExamples:b. Capitoline Hill• Plazza is an abstraction of the human figure

-long ramp=legs -capitoline museum=arms

-senator’s palace=head -oval=body-conservatory=arms -statue=navel

RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

1. High Renaissance – RomeExamples:c. Villa Capra or Rotonda• Andrea Palladio, Venice

-influenced by Roman & Greek Architecture-influenced by Vitruvius

• Influenced by Thomas Jefferson’s plan of the White House• Villa Almerico CapraCHARACTERISTIC OF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE1. Walls – Ashlar Masonry in rusticated finish2. Skylines – horizontal cornices and balustrades

PALAZZO MEDICI-RICADI

RENAISSANCE

A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCECHARACTERISTICS OF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

3. Doors and Windows – molded architrave of the classic type or pediment in triangular or segmental style4. Roofs – vaulted ceiling without ribs, dome raised5. Columns – classic orders6. Boldness and simplicity in style7. Fronting narrrow street

RENAISSANCEB. FRENCH RENAISSANCE- Reigns of Francis I, Francis II, Charles IV, Henry III,

Louis XIIIExamples: 1. Chateau de Chambord• Domenico da Cortona• landscape, Loire• Elliptical barrel vaulting• Multi-spired chateau

RENAISSANCE

B. FRENCH RENAISSANCEExamples: 2. Palais de Fontainbleu (1528)• Favorite residence of Francis I• Originally a convent• Largest palace of 16th century• Exterior had no unified design

RENAISSANCE

B. FRENCH RENAISSANCEExamples: 3. Palais de Louvre• Paris(1548-1878)• Built on the site of the old gothic chateau• Patterned after an italian palazzo• French character of each sun• Began in reign of Francis I in 1546 to Napoleon III

in the 19th century

RENAISSANCE

B. FRENCH RENAISSANCECHARACTERISTIC OF FRENCH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE1. Transitional Period – Gothic & Renaissance

features to form a picturesque ensemble2. In Italy – classical horizontality3. High roofs (MANSART ROOFS)4. Combinations of classic & medieval mouldings

RENAISSANCEC. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE- Early Modern Period- William Shakespeare, John Milton, Jon Donne, Katherine Philips1. Tudor-Elizabethan Period

-Tudor (1485-1603)-Elizabethan (1558-1603) Queen Elizabeth I’s reign

• Half-Timber Construction - domestic architecture-vertical posts

• Ceiling – low exposed beams• Great Hall – medieval castles• Horizontally rather than vertically• Rectangular panelling of the wainscoat• Bay windows• Pargetwork – stucco ceiling treatment• Oriel• Tudor arch

RENAISSANCE• C. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE2. Jacobean Style (1603-1649)• Second phase of Renaissance Architecture in

England• Named after King James I of England• -pilasters, entablatures, columns were combined

with small wood panels panels• -Dada and pedestral motiff

MANNERISM/PROTO-BAROQUE PERIOD

MANNERISM/PROTO-BAROQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANNERIST MOVEMENT1. Last phase of renaissance2. 17th century3. Play with space & volume4. Exemplified by exaggeration5. CHIAROSCURO – light & dark surfaces are given importance

- invented by Roger de Piles

6. Designs such as:a. cartouche –shieldb. bosses – round prostitutionsc. lozenges – oval prostitutionsd. grosteques – mythological

7. Revolt against classcism-clarity, visibility, stability

MANNERISM/PROTO-BAROQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANNERIST MOVEMENT1. Last phase of renaissance2. 17th century3. Play with space & volume4. Exemplified by exaggeration5. CHIAROSCURO – light & dark surfaces are given importance6. Designs such as:

a. cartouche –shieldb. bosses – round prostitutionsc. lozenges – oval prostitutionsd. grosteques – mythological

7. Revolt against classcism-clarity, visibility, stability

MANNERISM

BAROQUE PERIOD

BAROQUE• Portuguese word “BAROCO” meaning odd shape,

imperfect pearl• Developed in Later Renaissance• Revolt against Classical art• Grandeur• Sensuous richness• Drama• Vitality• Movement• Emotional exuberance

BAROQUECHARACTERISTICS OF BAROQUE ARCHIETECTURE1. curves, double curves & diagonal lines2. Strong contrast of light & shadow3. Decoration became so abundant *Chiapas, San

Cristobal De Las Casa Cathedral

4. Freedom of planning, designing and ornamentation5. Spirit of artistic impedance6. Columns w/ twisted shafts (SOLOMONIC COLUMNS)7. Pediments in scrolled form8. Carved ornament emphasized by gilding9. Contorted curves10.Ostentatious, extravagant

*Iglesia de Nostra Senyora de Betlem

BAROQUEA. ITALIAN BAROQUE

- Baroque was art born in RomeExamples: a. Saint Peter’s Basillica• façade – Carlo Maderno

-swiss-italian architect• plazza – Bernini

- Grand entrance Plazza provides sense of unity and order- 234 columns in Tuscan style

• Originally Greek cross plan

• Exterior – giant order of Corinthian pilaster

BAROQUE

A. ITALIAN BAROQUE- Baroque was art born in Rome

Examples: a. Saint Peter’s Basillica• Dome of St. Peter – Michelangelo

- 3 horizontal zones- Greatest creation of Renaissance lantern, dome, drum, balustrades and statues piled above the gigantic pilasters are awe-inspiring in their massive grandeur.

• Baldocchino - Bernini

BAROQUE

A. ITALIAN BAROQUE- Baroque was art born in Rome

Examples: b. The Fountain of Trevi• Largest & most famous • Designed by Nicola Salvi• 1760• Planned by Bernini

BAROQUE

A. ITALIAN BAROQUE- Baroque was art born in Rome

Examples: c. Santa Maria della Salute• Refered to as “La Salute”• Venice, on the grand canal• Octagonal in form• Corinthian columns, scrolled buttresses

BAROQUEB. FRENCH BAROQUE

- Baroque entered France on a grand scale at Versaille

-Official architecture of the 17th to 18th century

-sever, static and classicistic style of BerniniExamples:a. Chateau de Vaux le Vicomte (Vau Lu Vicomte)• For Nicolas Fouquet• Le Vau, 1657• Steep roof• Classical cupola• Ionic pilasters

BAROQUE

B. FRENCH BAROQUEExamples:b. Versaille Palace• Reign of Louis XIV• Park – Andre’ Le Notre• Palace – Mansart and Charles Le Brun• Hunting Lodge (Louis XIII)• Splendid Palace (Louis XIV)

BAROQUEC. ENGLISH BAROQUE

- Charles III- Buildings have been characterized by

dignity, practicality, consistence unique Examples:a. St. Paul’s Cathedral• London; 1675; Christopher Wren

-52 churches in London • Dome is an enlarged version of Tempietto of

Bramante• Lower levels were more Palladian • Mother church of the Diocese of London

ROCOCO PERIOD

ROCOCO• “Rocaille” and “Cocaille” meaning rockwork and

shellwork • Prominence = Louis XV• 18th Century• Gay, elegant and refined • Lightness , delicay and elaborate ornamentation

ROCOCO

CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE1. Reversal of the feeling of Baroque2. Light and airy3. Intimate/delicate4. Intricate pattern5. Favorite motif = The cockleshell

ROCOCO

Examples:a. Petit Trianon• Made for Madame du Barry/ Marie Antoinette by

Gabriel• Small chateau located on the grounds of Palace of

Versailles- Used as a private refuge from the formality of courts

ROCOCO

Examples:b. The Wies Pilgrimage Church of the Scourged Saviour• Oval rococo church• Dominikus Zimmermann

NEO-CLASSIC PERIOD

NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM• Also known as classic revivals• During the reign of Louis XVI

NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM

Examples:a. The Madeleine in Paris• Intended as Pantheon• Build by order of Napoleon• Corinthian Columns• Greek Columnal Temple stands on a Roman-style

podium• 7” high podium

NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM

Examples:b. Church of Les Invalides• Designed by Bruant & Monsart• Remodeled by Le Vau• Greek cross plan with circular chapels• Famous dome derived from St. Peters’

NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM

Examples:c. Paris Opera House• 1874• Charles Garnier• Reflects the taste of Nouveau Riche

NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM

Examples:d. Jefferson Monticello, Virginia• influenced by Lord Burlington

-18th century english neoclassicist• Influenced by Andrea Palladio

-16th century italian architect• Classical in detail and proportion

NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM

Examples:e. Cheswick House• Domed italianate villa• Lord Burlington built for himself • 1726

ECLECTICISM

A. Gothic Revival

ECLECTICISM

B. Victorian- middle of 19th century- IRON discovered in Mesopotamia & Egypt

Examples:a. Crystal Palace• Joseph Paxton• Iron frames• Glass panels• Wooden sash bars

ECLECTICISM

B. Victorian- middle of 19th century- IRON discovered in Mesopotamia & Egypt

Examples:b. The Eiffel Tower• Paris Exhibition of 1889• 1000 ft. tall• Gustav Eiffel

REFERENCES