role of computers in drug design1
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Role of Computer in Drug Design
PRESENTED BY:-ANKIT TIWARI
PRESESNTED BY
Drug Design / drug discovery
What’s a drug? A substance that treats/cure a disease.A small molecule that interacts with a target, (often protein involved in the disease process; activator/inhibitor)
Drug discovery:The process of finding such a small molecule – combination of approaches
Drug discovery or drug design? In principle: “Design” is more rational and targeted, and “discovery” is more serendipitous. But design and discovery share a lot and are ~ synonymous in a pharmaceutical context.
Gigantic economic importance: 10 years & $200 to $1,900 million to develop a drug25 new molecules /year
Intense scientific activity: very interdisciplinary approach> $340 billion
Drug discovery market
in millions US$ Revenue R&D income
Johnson & Johnson 53,324 7,125 11,053
Pfizer 48,371 7,599 19,337
GlaxoSmithKline 42,813 6,373 10,135
Novartis 37,020 5,349 7,202
Sanofi-Aventis 35,645 5,565 5,033
Hoffmann–La Roche 33,547 5,258 7,318
AstraZeneca 26,475 3,902 6,063
Merck & Co. 22,636 4,783 4,434
Abbott Laboratories 22,476 2,255 1,717
Wyeth 20,351 3,109 4,197
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies
Chemistry: synthesis
Discovery and design (hit/lead/optimisation)
Biology: assay (binding/activity; in vitro / in vivo,)
Target identification
The drug discovery and design workflow:
drug development:Pharmacology / testing
The long and winding road to drug discovery
Computational chemistry /Molecular modeling
useful across the pipeline, but
very different techniques
aim for success,but if not:
fail early, fail cheap
Role of Computers
• In early 90’s there was a deal of optimism that computer’s will play a major role in the improvement of drug design.
• It reduced at-least 5 year’s of research duration.
Computer aided drug design(CADD)
• Computer aided drug design is a specialized discipline that uses computational methods to stimulate drug receptor interactions.
• CADD technique are dependent on bioinformatics tools, databases & applications.
What is QSAR?
• QSAR depict an attempt to correlate structural property of compounds with biological activities.
• Such developments have provided a sound basis for the generation of 3D Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) for further refinement of the ligand molecule in terms of chemical structure so as to improve biological activity.
• Such physiochemical descriptors which indulge parameters to account for hydrophobicity, electronic properties, steric effects, etc. can be determined by computational methods.
Bioinformatics
Structure-basedknow receptor,don’t known ligands
Two pathways to drug discovery / drug design
?What will be happy in there?
Structure-baseddon’t know receptor,known ligands
Protein/ligand interactionsstructure/biophysicsdocking
Statistical analysis of what group(s) are important for biological activity
Receptor interaction
Structure based
Uses protein structure directlyCADD: Protein-ligand docking
Ligand based
• Binding of ligand to the receptor may include hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions.-Derive information from ligand structures-Protein structure not always available
• 40% of all prescription pharmaceuticals target GPCRs-Protein structure has large degree of flexibility
• Structure deforms to accommodate ligands or gross movements occur on binding
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