role of amyloidosis in dementia for animals

Role of Amyloidosis in DementiaName: Md. Fayezur

Rahaman.Roll No:16VPATHJJ04M

Reg No: 37164Department of PathologyBangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh

Dementia?• Dementia is a general term for a

decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Memory loss is an example. Alzheimer's is the most common type of dementia.

Causes:• Neuron death is the main cause of dementia.• Some causes of dementia are treatable.

These include:• Head injury • Brain tumors• Infections (such as

meningitis, HIV / AIDS, or syphilis)

• Hydrocephalus • Hormonal disorders • Metabolic disorders • Hypoxia • Nutritional (i.e vitamin)

deficiencies• Drugs

Unfortunately, most disorders associated with dementia are progressive, degenerative , and irreversible. The two major degenerative causes of dementia are,

Alzheimer's disease (the progressive loss of nerve cells without known cause) and Vascular dementia (i.e. loss of brain function due to a series of small strokes).

Dementia in Wild Animals:Wild animals can show physical deterioration like arthritis, some cognitive deterioration may occur in the wild, but anything as severe as dementia or Alzheimer’s would simply not allow them to last.

Domestic Pets SusceptibleOn the other hand, domestic pets tend to live in safe environments and receive regular veterinary care. That means many cats and dogs live long enough to develop dementia.

Beta Amyloid Hypothesis:

Pathogenesis:

Missense mutation in APP, PS1, or PS2 gene

Increased Aβ42 production and accumulation

Aβ42 deposition as diffuse plaques

Microglial and astrocyte activation(Complement factors, cytokines etc)

Progressive synaptic and neuritic injury

Altered neuronal ionic homeostasis; oxidative injury

Altered kinase /phosphatase activities

Widespread neuronal dysfunction and cell death

Dementia

Signs & Symptoms:Dogs:

Cats: Yowling at random times of day

• Acting disoriented, • Walking in circles,

or• Staring into corners

or [at] the wallOther symptoms include• Aggression• Changes in sleeping patterns • loss of interest in family members• Inability to control urination or

defecation

How Can We Help Aging Pets?Although there isn’t a cure, there are ways to manage cognitive dysfunction.• We have to keep the [pet’s] brain active,

even at an older age• Teach them new tricks• Getting them outside and challenging their

brains with new environmental stimuli is very important to helping the brain not deteriorate as quickly.”

• Also, adding antioxidants to their diets can help with brain health.

Diagnostic tests:• Psychiatric assessments. • Mental status examination and

neuro psychological assessment.• Laboratory tests.• Brain imaging . * CT scan * MRI • CSF Examination

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• Nussbaum JM, Seward ME, Bloom GS (Jan–Feb 2013). "Alzheimer disease: a tale of two prions". Prion. 7 (1): 14–9. doi:10.4161/pri.22118. PMC 3609044Freely accessible. PMID 22965142.

• Pulawski W, Ghoshdastider U, Andrisano V, Filipek S (Apr 2012). "Ubiquitous amyloids". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 166 (7): 1626–43. doi:10.1007/s12010-012-9549-3. PMC 3324686Freely accessible. PMID 22350870.

• Tharp WG, Sarkar IN (April 2013). "Origins of amyloid-β". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 290. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-290. PMID 23627794.

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• Sadigh-Eteghad S, Talebi M, Farhoudi M, EJ Golzari S, Sabermarouf B, Mahmoudi J (2014). "Beta-amyloid exhibits antagonistic effects on alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in orchestrated manner". Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas. 8: 48–52.