roden 1/17/05 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200...
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Roden 1/17/05
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Why was Cotton King up until
1860?
•Cotton was 2/3 of the total export trade of the U.S.
Who was running for president in the Election
of 1860?
GOP = Lincoln
Northern Demo = S. Douglas
S. Demo = Breckinridge
Constitutional Union = Bell
Why did Lincoln win the presidency in 1860?
The Democratic Party split in two when
Stephen Douglas won the party’s nomination.
What state seceded 1st from the Union in Dec. 1860?
South Carolina
Where were the 1st shots of the Civil War first AND who
fired them?
•Fort Sumter, SC
•SC fired them 1st
What was Lincoln’s main purpose for fighting the Civil War when it started in 1861?
To preserve the Union and protect federal
property.
What did Lincoln say in his 1st Inaugural Address in
1861?
Lincoln's inaugural address combined a number of measures.
1. Wanted reconciliation w/ seceded states. He had no interest in anything concerning the slave laws.2. He pledged to "hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the government"3. He argued that the Federal Union indissolvable. 4. He promised that — while he would not be the first to attack — any force of arms used against the U.S. would be regarded as rebellion and met w/ force.
What did Lincoln say in his 2nd Inaugural Address in 1865?
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and orphan,
to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace
among ourselves and all nations.”
What was the Union’s plan for defeating the
C.S.A./South?
Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan:
•Blockade the Atlantic & Gulf Coast
•Get Miss. River dividing the C.S.A. in two.
•Take the interior of the South
•Capture Richmond
What advantages did the Union have over the C.S.A.?
•More industry
•Naval superiority
•More railroads
•More guns
•Dominance in foreign trade overall
•Larger population
How did the Civil War affect the economy of the U.S.?
•Created a more uniform nat’l banking system
•Caused runaway inflation in the South
•Allowed trusts (monopolies) to form
•Transcontinental rr built
What states made up the C.S.A.?
GA,SC,TX,LA,Miss., AL, FL, NC,
VA, Ark, TN
What were Border States?
•Slave states that separated the Union from the C.S.A.
•Did NOT join the C.S.A.
•Emancipation Proclamation did NOT apply to them.
How & why were civil liberties denied to Border states during
the Civil War?
•How? Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus; martial law; speech & press restricted
•Why? To make sure they didn’t join the C.S.A.
How & why were civil liberties denied to people living in the
Union?
Northerners were conscripted against their will or forced to
pay a sub
What was the Trent Affair?
•Union impressed a British ship carrying two CSA
diplomats.
•Lincoln forced to release them to avoid a war with
Britain.
How did Britain & France respond to the Civil War?
They pursued CAUTIOUS policies toward both
sides even though they saw advantages with
both sides.
What was the Union’s greatest fear from 1861-
1863?
That the British would recognize the CSA as a sovereign nation & ally
with it.
List 9 major battles of the Civil War.
•1st Bull Run
•2nd Bull Run
•Antietam
•Shiloh
•Vicksburg
•Gettysburg
•Atlanta
•Petersburg
•Richmond
Who was the most effective Union
General?
U.S. Grant
What was the bloodiest single day battle of the
Civil War?
Antietam 1862 (MD)
When did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation
& why?
•1863
•Lincoln wanted to deliver it after a Union victory (Antietam) to give the
North a better moral purpose.
•Now purpose is to fight for liberty & freedom for ALL men.
Why didn’t Lincoln emancipate the slaves in the CSA in 1861?
Feared the Border states would
secede.
When did the Union pass the Conscription Act AND what is the effect in NYC?
•1863
•Irish riot and commit violence against black
people
What was a copperhead?
•Northern Democrat who wanted peace with the CSA at ANY price.•They did NOT support
the war effort at all.
What country challenged the Monroe Doctrine
during the Civil War AND how?
•France
•Invaded and took over Mexico
What is the mnemonic for remembering the legislation passed during the Civil War
by the GOP?
A.P. History Makes Me Nauseas
What legislation was passed by the GOP
Congress during the Civil War?
•Abolition of slavery
•Pacific RR Act
•Homestead Act
•Morrill Tariff
•Morrill Land Grant
•National Banking Act
Before the Homestead Act, what was the general
trend regarding price & minimum # of acres to purchase federal land in
the West?
•Prices were rising & the # of minimum acres were
rising as well.
•Bad for common man.
What did Homestead Act state?
160 acres of free land if you made a homestead & worked it for a min. of 5
years.
What was the Pacific RR Act?
•Fed’l gov’t subsidized the building of northern transcontinental RR.-2 companies: Union Pacific & Central Pacific built it.-Received $ and land grants.-Met at Promontory Point, Utah
Who immigrates to the U.S. during and after the Civil War to help build the
transcontinental rr?
Chinese
What was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War?
Gettysburg (PA) = 60,000 casualties
What is the turning point of the Civil War & what
YEAR?
•1863
•Battles of Vicksburg & Gettysburg
Who did Lincoln run against for president in
1864?
George McClellan
What political party was Lincoln in 1864 & why?
Union Party
Why does Lincoln win re-election in 1864?
General Sherman’s “March to the Sea” and Union victories in the South.
What are the two main types of Reconstruction?
•Presidential Reconstruction
•Congressional Reconstruction
What are the two types of Presidential
Reconstruction?
-Lincoln’s 10% Plan
-Johnson’s Amnesty Plan
What was Congressional Reconstruction?
•Radical Reconstruction
•Military Reconstruction Act
What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
•To feed, adjust & educate (schools) former slaves• Promised 40 acres & a mule•Tried to help them get employment w/ labor contracts• Tried to economically help them adjust•Carpetbaggers
What is a carpetbagger?
•Northerner who came to the South after the Civil War (Freedmen’s Bureau)
•Image is they got rich off the South.
What is a scalawag?
Southerner who sympathized with the
Union and the freedmen.
What is sharecropping?
•Freedmen & many small white farmers became trapped in this new system of economic exploitation in the South.
•In exchange for land, a cabin, and supplies sharecroppers agreed to raise a cash crop and give half the crop to their landlord.
•High interests rates charged for goods bought on credit transformed sharecropping into a system of economic dependency and poverty.
What was the Wade-Davis Bill
(1864)?
•It was a bill passed by the Radical GOPs in Congress.
•Harsher plan than Lincoln’s.
•Required over 50% of the CSA to taken an “ironclad oath” of
allegiance to the U.S. before reentering.
•Lincoln pocket vetoed it!
What was Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction?
10% Plan: When 10% op pop. Of a state (based on the 1860 census) swears an oath of allegiance to
the Union, that state can regain it’s rights in the
Union.
Who assassinated Pres. Lincoln at Ford’s Theater
(April 15, 1865)?
John Wilkes Booth
Who assumes the presidency upon Lincoln’s
death?
VP Andrew Johnson
What was Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction?
•Lenient Plan
•Lincoln’s 10% Plan + 13th Amendment + Amnesty for all CSA
•Except CSA officers & people w/ more than $20,000
•Pres. Pardons available
What are the requirements for the former Confederate
states under the Reconstruction Act of
1867?
- They would be divided into 5 military districts headed by Union generals. - Voters, including African Americans, would elect delegates to draft new constitutions giving black men the right to vote.
- They had to ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted to the Union.
What’s the best word to describe Lincoln's original plan for Reconstruction, which Johnson largely
followed?
lenient
What did the 13th Amendment do?
Abolish slavery
Why is the midterm election of 1866
significant?
Radical Republicans gained a 2/3rd majority in
both the House & the Senate.
###################
Who are the Radical Republican leaders in
Congress after the 1866 election?
•Speaker of the House of Rep. = Thaddeus Stevens
•Senate Majority Leader = Charles Sumner
What was the BIG constitutional question
after the Civil War?
•Did the Southern states actually secede or were they merely in rebellion?
•Lincoln & Johnson believed in rebellion
•Radical GOP Congress believed they left
What was the purpose of the Military Reconstruction
Act of 1867?
To restrict the power of the president over
Reconstruction AND to punish the South.
Also, to take power & vote away from former CSA leaders
What did the 14th Amendment do?
•Granted citizenship to former slaves and black people of the North.
•Protected citizens from the States!
•States can’t deprive citizens of life, liberty, or property w/out due process of law.
•Equal Protection of the laws = States must enforce laws equally for all citizens.
Why does Sec. of State Seward
purchase Alaska for $7 million from Russia in 1867?
•Seward was an expansionist.
•He wanted to the spread U.S. influence throughout the Pacific as a means of enhancing the nation’s trade and military standing.
•Seward’s Folly/ Seward’s Ice Box
What were “Jim Crow” laws and when did they
start getting passed in the South?
When? 1866 in reaction to the Civil Rights Act of 1866
What? Black codes or state laws limiting the new
freedmen’s civil liberties (economic & personal
freedoms)
Why did U.S. Grant win the presidential election of
1868?
•Civil War Union hero
•Votes of former slaves in the South gave him an
edge.
•Not surprising he was a BIG supporter of the 15th
Amend.
Why did many Southern states change their voting
qualifications adding literacy tests, poll taxes,
and grandfather clauses to qualify to vote?
Southern Democrats didn’t want freedmen to
be able to vote.
South didn’t want freedmen in political
office.
What is Pres. Grant’s administration or
presidency famous for?
•SCANDALS
List two scandals that occurred during Grant’s
administration.
•Credit Mobilier Scandal
•Whiskey Ring
•Gold Ring/Black Friday
•Tweed Ring
What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal?
•U.S. Congressmen were stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad. •In 1867, two Congressmen formed Crédit Mobilier, a dummy construction company fobbed off as responsible for completing the transcontinental railway's last 600 miles.• In the process, U.P. stockholders and the federal government were bilked out of millions of dollars.
•When it appeared that an investigation was going to be launched, the Congressmen who formed the company bribed influential congressmen and were able to head off scrutiny. •Nevertheless, the fraud was exposed in 1872. •It was apparent that VP Schuyler Colfax had been bribed with stock. House Speaker James A. Garfield was linked to the dealings, but his participation was never proven. •Despite the loss of $20 million (a huge sum in the 1870s), no prosecutions ever occurred.
What was the Whiskey Ring?
•After the Civil War, federal liquor taxes were raised to extremely high rates to help pay off the cost of the fighting.
•To avoid the high tax, many of the nation’s distillers bribed officials in the Department of the Treasury, to pay lower taxes.
•The Sec. of Treasury discovered the dishonesty and launched a massive investigation.
•In the end, more than 100 officials were convicted. Grant, much to his discredit, successfully shielded his private secretary, Orville E. Babcock.
What was the Gold Ring that caused Black Friday?
•In 1869, speculators Jim Fisk and Jay Gould attempted to corner the nation’s gold market by buying up
lots of gold at cheaper prices & then selling it after gold prices
soared.•Caused gold prices to tank & hurt
the economy.•#####################
###
What did the 15th Amendment do?
•Gave all male citizens (black & white) the right
to vote.
How did the Southern states respond to the 15th
Amendment?
•Pass Jim Crow state laws adding voting qualifications like:•Literacy tests•Grandfather clauses•Poll taxes
Who was running for president in 1876?
•GOP = Hayes (Union officer)
•Democrat = Tilden (NY)
What problem occurred in the presidential election of
1876?
•Tilden won the popular vote and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes uncounted.
The 20 electoral votes in dispute in 3 states: (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina); each party reported its candidate had won the state.
What was the Corrupt Bargain #2 or the
Compromise of 1877?
•GOP/North wins the election by getting all 20 disputed EC votes.•Democrats/South are “redeemed.” The GOP agree to end Military Reconstruction.
Why did Congressional Reconstruction end in
1877?
•Election of 1876 was contested.•Ended in basically a tie between GOP Hayes & Demo. Tilden.
•Compromise of 1877/Corrupt Bargain #2
What is the legacy of Reconstruction for most
African Americans?
•Poverty & discrimination
What are the effects of Reconstruction?
1. KKK emerged in the South2. 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments3. Black men elected to state federal
congress4. GOP splits into 2 factions: Radicals
(Half-Breeds) and Conservatives (Stalwarts)
5. Sharecropping/tenant farming6. Johnson impeached & Legislative
Branch dominates7. Freedmen’s Bureau &
carpetbaggers8. Jim Crow laws9. Public education in South
Who was the 1st black U.S. Senator?
Hiram Revels (Mississippi)
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