robert wells head, biotechnology unit oslo, norway 11 october 2011 1 life sciences for health and...
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Robert WellsHead, Biotechnology UnitOslo, Norway11 October 2011
1
Life Sciences for Health and Innovation: An OECD Perspective
World population in 2030
Source: Salim Sawaya, based on medium variant of the UN Population Division’s “World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database”
Biotechnology at the OECD
• Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP)
• Working Party on Biotechnology (WPB)• Biotechnology Unit
– Biomedicine and health innovation– Biotechnology for sustainable (Green) growth– Converging Technologies (syn bio)– Knowledge Management (incl. intellelctual
property)– Marine Biotechnology
5
Innovation is key to growth... Contributions to labour productivity growth, 1995-2006, in %
* Investment in intangibles and multi-factor productivity growth account for between two-thirds and three-quarters of labour productivity growth.
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Intangible capital MFP Non-ICT capitalICT capital Tangible capital Labour quality
Science is increasingly international….
8
Canada
Korea
ItalyNetherlands
Switzerland
India
BelgiumSweden
Russian Federation
Poland
Australia
Brazil
Spain
United States
Germany
France
China
Japan
United Kingdom
1998 2008
Canada
Korea
ItalyNetherlands
Switzerland
India
BelgiumSweden
Russian Federation.
Poland
China
Japan
Australia
Brazil
Spain
United States
Germany
France
United Kingdom
Source: OECD (2010) Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective
New global players have emerged …
Contributions to growth in global R&D, 1996-2001 and 2001-2006(in billion constant US PPP and %)
37%
16%
23%
15%
7%
13%
10%
13%
11%
30%
12%
13%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1996-2001 2001-2006
Other non-OECD (2)
China
Other OECD (1)
Japan
EU-27
United States
Note: (1) Australia, Canada, Iceland, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway and Turkey (2) Argentina, Brazil, India, Israel, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Chinese TaipeiSource: OECD.
The financing of R&D has changed over time
• Business financing of R&D has taken on greater importance as innovation has become more important for firm performance – high-tech industries have grown in particular.
• Government’s share has declined and other national sources (notably non-profit institutions) have become more important sources of R&D financing.
Financing of R&D, 1981-2005
10
Some implications for R&D financing
Firms have started to finance R&D in universities to access basic research.
At the same time, governments are funding less business R&D through direct support.
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Share of higher education R&D financed by industry
0
5
10
15
20
25
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
Share of business R&D financed by government
Direct and indirect government support to business R&D (BERD), 2008
As percentage of GDP
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
% Costs of f iscal incentives Direct government funding of BERD
Source: OECD, NESTI 2009 R&D tax incentives questionnaire, based on national sources, some of which may be preliminary.Note: Countries with a non-shaded bar provide R&D tax incentives but the cost of these incentives is not included yet (waiting to receive estimates).
But public investment remains key…
0
20
40
60
80
100
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Chi
nese
Tai
pei
Hun
gar
y
Arg
entin
a
Po
land
Est
oni
a (2
002)
Chi
na
No
rway
Icel
and
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Sp
ain
New
Zea
land
Mex
ico
(200
3)
Cyp
rus
(200
2)
Slo
veni
a
Italy
(200
6)
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Fra
nce
Den
mar
k (2
005)
Aus
tral
ia (
2006
)
Ro
man
ia
Aus
tria
Po
rtug
al
So
uth
Afr
ica
(200
6)
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Isra
el
Sw
itzer
land
(20
04)
Irela
nd (
2006
)
Sin
gap
ore
Jap
an
Ko
rea
Chi
le (
2004
)
% Higher education Government
Basic research performed in the public sector, 2007Percentage
18
(indexed on 1980=1.0, Annex 1 ratification countries)
Policy can induce greater innovation
Patenting in climate mitigation technologies relative to all sectors
Innovations in biotechnology Reliance of patents on science citations
(biochemistry papers cited by pharmaceutical patents)
57.7
64.8
48.6
58.8
30.7
58.9
81.9
9.0
6.3
11.7
21.7
18.4
28.0
6.6
17.6
22.7
15.4
10.4
9.8
6.0
4.3
3.9
5.4
14.3
8.4
14.1
13.3
7.6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
United States
Japan
United Kingdom
Germany
France
China
Korea
Higher education Government Industry Non profit
Hospital Other NA
Battelle Report on the Value Derived from the Human Genome Project – May 2010
1.The economic and functional impacts generated by the sequencing of the human
genome are already large and widespread. Between 1988 and 2010 the human
genome sequencing projects, associated research and industry activity—directly and
indirectly—generated an economic (output) impact of $796 billion, personal income
exceeding $244 billion, and 3.8 million job‐years of employment.
2. The federal government invested $3.8 billion in the HGP through its completion in
2003 ($5.6 billion in 2010 $). This investment was foundational in generating the
economic output of $796 billion above, and thus shows a return on investment (ROI)
to the U.S. economy of 141 to 1—every $1 of federal HGP investment has
contributed to the generation of $141 in the economy.
3. In 2010 alone, the genomics‐enabled industry generated over $3.7 billion in federal
taxes and $2.3 billion in U.S. state and local taxes. Thus in one year, revenues
returned to government nearly equaled the entire 13‐year investment in the HGP.
4. Overall, however, the impacts of the human genome sequencing are just
beginning—large scale benefits in human medicine, agriculture, energy, and
environment are still in their early stages. The best is truly yet to come.
5. The HGP is arguably the single most influential investment to have been made in
modern science and a foundation for progress in the biological sciences moving
forward.
20
Key Recent OECD Biotech Instruments and Policy Reports
• Guidelines on the Licensing of Genetic Inventions (2006)
• Guidelines on Quality Assurance in Molecular Genetic Testing (2007)
• Guidelines for the Operation of Human Biobanks and Genetic Resource Databases (2009)
• The BioEconomy 2030 (2009)• Policy Reports on Knowledge Networks and
Markets in Life Sciences and Collaborative Mechanisms in Intellectual Property in Life Sciences
21
Ongoing OECD Work in Biomedicine and Health Innovation
• Innovative Governance in Biomedicine– “Berlin Workshop” (2010)– Policy Report on Biomarkers (2011)– Planned work in Alzheimer’s/dementia
• Report on Personalised Medicine and Global Health
22
Contacts: www.oecd.org/sti/innovation
www.oecd.org/biotechnology
Robert.wells@oecd.org
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