revolution brings reform and terror
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Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
Ch. 7.2
The National Assembly Reforms France
The Rights of Man - Aug. 1789 • National Assembly adopts
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen = the purpose of the revolution
• Ended all the special rights the 1st and 2nd Estates enjoyed
• Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
• For men, not for womenA State-Controlled Church• National Assembly seizes church
lands, turns clergy into public officials
• This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics
• Many opposed the Revolution’s reforms
The National Assembly Reforms France
Louis Tries to Escape• For months, the assembly
worked on plans for a new govn’t
• Louis, worried about his future & attempts to escape France
• Revolutionaries catch the royal family near Netherlands’ border
• Louis and Marie Antoinette are imprisoned
The Escape attempt1) Made the King and queen more
unpopular2) Decreased the power of the
king3) Increased the power of the
king’s enemies
Divisions DevelopA Limited Monarchy• In September 1791, National Assembly finishes
new constitution • A constitutional monarchy is formed in France
(for awhile) taking away most of the King’s power
• Legislative Assembly—new body created to pass laws (the National Assembly turned over power)
Factions Split France• Major problems, including debt, food shortages
remainAssembly split into • Radicals – wanted sweeping changes in the
way govn’t was run• Moderates – wanted some change in govn’t• Conservatives - wanted a limited monarchy
and few changes in govn’tGroups outside of the Assembly wanted influence:• Émigrés—nobles who flee country, want Old
Regime back in power (i.e. Nobles)• Sans-culottes (w/o short pants)—lower class
(wage earners and small shopkeepers) who want more change from the Revolution and a greater voice in governement
War and Execution What caused French people to take
extreme measures?Problems with Other Countries• Austrians and Prussians want Louis XVI in
charge of France; France (National Assembly) declares war
France at War• Prussian forces soon threaten to attack
Paris, France if King/Queen are harmed• The French people thought the King and
Queen were planning on helping the enemy• Mob breaks into prisons and released the
inmates • killed over 1,000, including many nobles who
support king• Pressured by mob, Legislative Assembly
deposes the king then dissolves the assembly
• National Convention takes office in September, forming French republic
continued War and ExecutionJacobins Take Control• Jacobins—radical political
organization behind 1792 governmental changes
*Jean-Paul Marat (major members): he edited a newspaper L’Ami du Peuple. Ruthless and is murdered in 1793, & becomes a martyr
*George Danton – a lawyer devoted to the Paris’s poor.
Jacobins want the death of the monarchy and everyone who supports the King
• Guillotine—machine designed during the Revolution to behead people
• National convention order thousands of people into the army
Robespierre Assumes ControlRobespierre Assumes ControlMaximilien Robespierre—Jacobin
leader rules France for a year • Believes in the Enlightened
philosophes view of a better govn’t (no capitol punishment, wants a constitutional monarchy, but changes as the revolution goes on).
• Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety,
• He becomes a dictator
The Death of King Louis XVI
*The Monarchy was deposed & abolished in Aug. 1792. The Royal Family was imprisonedDeclared Louis XVI a common citizen and tried for treasonAfter a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of treason and beheaded (Jan. 1793) THE FRENCH REPUBLIC IS BORN!!!!Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794) —Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents “enemies of the Rev.”Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette85 percent of those who die during the Terror are middle or lower class
Reign of Terror
• Jailed in a small dark cell
• Her children are taken away from her
• Marie Antoinette was convicted of treason executed (Oct. 1793)
• She was 38 years old
Marie Antoinette – Last Queen of France
End of the TerrorAnother Change in Government• In July 1794, Robespierre
arrested, executed ending the Reign of Terror
• Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals
• Over 40,000 die Moderate leaders write new
constitution• Two-house legislature and five-
man Directory restore orderNew government makes Napoleon
Bonaparte commander of armies
Whatever Happened to Robespierre?
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