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©SRDE Group, All Rights Reserved. Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci. 499
International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences Available online at http//www.ijrdpl.com June - July, 2013, Vol. 2, No.4, pp 499-502
ISSN: 2278-0238
Review Article
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ECLIPTA ALBA(L.)
Love S. Chokotia*1, Pranav Vashistha1, Rajkumar Sironiya1 , Harsha Matoli1
1. Department of Pharmacology, Shri Ram College of Pharmacy, Banmore, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh (India)
*Corresponding Author: Email lovechokotia@ymail.com (Received: March 18, 2013; Accepted: May 02, 2013)
ABSTRACT Eclipta Alba (L.) is small branched annual herbaceous plant with a long history of traditional medicines uses in many countries especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The herb has been known for its curative properties and has been utilized as antimytotoxic, analgesic, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, antihaemorrhagic, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory properties and it is considered as a good rejuvenator too. Recent studies showed an antivenom property & corrosion pickling inhibitor action on mild steelin hydrochloric acid. A wide range of chemical compounds including coumestans, alkaloids, thiopenes,flavonoids, polyacetylenes, triterpenes and their glycosides have been isolated from this species. Extracts and metabolites from this plant have been known to possess pharmacological properties. This contribution provides an comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal uses, chemical composition, and the pharmacological profile as medicinal plant. Particular attention is given to antihepatotoxic, analgesic, antioxidant , antihyperglycemic, antiaggresive, wound healing properties and insecticidal effects presented in this review such that the potential use of this plant either in pharmaceutics or as an agricultural resource can be evaluated. Keywords: Eclipta alba, pharmacological activity, photochemistry Eclipta alba.
INTRODUCTION
Eclipta Alba (L.) is an annual herbaceous plant, commonly
known as false daisy. It is an erect or prostrate, much
branched, roughly hairy, annual, rooting at the nodes; the
leaves are opposite, sessile and lanceolate. Belonging to
family Asteraceae. it is also known as Bhringaraj and
Karisilakanni, which is found a common weed throughout
India ascending up to 6000 ft. The genus name comes from
the Greek word meaning "Deficient," with reference to the
absence of the bristles and awns on the fruits. The specific
Eclipta alba means white which refers to the color of the
flowers. Main active principles consist of coumestans like
wedelolactone, desmethylwedelolactone1, furanocoumarins,
oleanane & taraxastane glycosides2. Eclipta alba (L.) has
been used in various parts of tropical and sub-tropical
regions like south America, Asia, Africa. There are three kinds
of Eclipta Alba the white-flowering, the yellow-flowering,
and the black-fruiting, but all three grow throughout India by
marshes, rivers, and lakes or on the foothills of the
Himalayas.
MATERIAL AND MATHOD
The polyherbal drug under evaluation was developed and
provided by M/S Natural Remedies, Bangalore. It contains
the extracts of Withania somnifera, Emblica officinalis,
Ocimum sanctum and few other related medicinal plants.3,4,5,6
PREPARATION OF EXTRACT
The dried powdered plant material (Leaves, roots, aerial
part,stem, seeds) was extracted with chloroform in a Soxhlet
extraction apparatus. The solvent was removed under
reduced pressure and semi solid mass was obtained (Yield
16.7%). The extract showed positive test for alkaloids,
Chokotia, L. S., et. al., June - July, 2013, 2(4), 499-502
©SRDE Group, All Rights Reserved. Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci. 500
volatile oils and saponins. The extract at the different doses
of 50,100 and 200 Mg/kg was suspended in aqueous
Tween 80 solution (2%)
PHYTOCHEMISTRY:
Eclipta Alba (L.) contains wide range of active principles
which includes coumestans, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides,
polyacetylenes, and triterpenoids. The leaves contain
stigmasterol, a-terthienylmethanol, wedelolactone,
demethylwedelolactone and demethylwedelolactone-7-
glucoside1. The roots give hentriacontanol and heptacosanol.
The roots contain polyacetylene substituted thiophenes.The
aerial part is reported to contain a phytosterol, P-amyrin in
the n-hexane extract and luteolin-7-glucoside, P-glucoside of
phytosterol, a glucoside of a triterpenic acid and
wedelolactone in polar solvent extract7. The polypeptides
isolated from the plant yield cystine, glutamic acid, phenyl
alanine, tyrosine and methionine on hydrolysis. Nicotine and
nicotinic acid are reported to occur in this plant 7.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Anti hepatotoxic property Eight groups (I-VIII) comprising each of six albino rats of
either sex weighing between 180 and 220 gm were
selected. Liver damage was induced in groups II to VII by
oral administration of 25% carbon tetrachloride in liquid
paraffin at a dose of 1.25 ml/kg daily for five days. Group
I served as control and received liquid paraffin daily for 5
days orally. From sixth day onwards, groups II to VII
received once daily oral dose of either alcoholic or
chloroform extracts of E. alba, T. purpurea and B.diffusa for
seven days. The extracts were given at a dose of 200
mg/kg suspended in 0.7% Na-CMC mucilage. Group VIII
was the untreated group. Group I and VIII received only the
mucilage. On eighth day, sleep time was recorded in animals
by injection sodium pentobarbitone at a single dose of 30
mg/kg i., in distilled water. Animals were sacrificed after the
study, blood was collected in sterile centrifuge tubes and
allowed to clot. Serum was separated and used for the
estimation of SGPT, SGOT, SALP and serum bilirubin levels.8,
9, 10, 11
Anti hyperlipidemic property It has been reported that in the atherogenic diet induced
hyperlipedemic model, the aqueous leaf extract of the
Eclipta.prostrata was given orally to the rats which
significantly reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides, total
protein. There was a significant elevation in the high density
lipoprotein cholesterol levels. 200mg/kg of extract showed
better results compared to 100mg/kg.12 Animal model
containing Charles River Sprague-Dawley CD rats.
(specific pathogen-free/viral antibody-free Crj/Bgi male,
180 ± 10 g) were fed experimental diets supplemented with
0 mg (control), 25 mg (E25), 50 mg (E50), or 100 mg (E100)
of a freeze-dried butanol fraction of E. prostrata per
kilogram of diet for 6 weeks which reported significant
reduction of serum triacylglycerol and total cholesterol, low-
density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and elevation in the
high-density lipoprotein in the E50 and E100 groups
respectively when compared with the untreated control
group.13
Anaphylaxis activity
Preparation of antiserum from rat The Wistar rats of either
sex were injected intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml, 10% egg
Sl.No. Parts Chemical constituents
1 Leaves Wedelolactone[1.6%],desmethywedelolactone,desmethylwedlolactone-7-glucosidde,stigmasterol
2 Roots Hentriacontanol, heptacosanol & stigmasterol, ecliptal,eclalbatin.
3 Aerial parts β–amyrin&luteolin-7-0-glucoside,apigenin,cinnaroside,sulphur compounds,eclabasaponins I-VI
4 Stems wedelolactone
5 Seeds Sterols, ecliptalbine(alkaloid)
6 Whole plant Resin, ecliptine, reducing sugar, nicotine, stigmasterol, triterpenesaponin, eclalbatin, ursolic acid,
oleanolic acid
Chokotia, L. S., et. al., June - July, 2013, 2(4), 499-502
©SRDE Group, All Rights Reserved. Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci. 501
albumin, and 0.2 ml of Bordetella pertusis vaccine on day 1,
3, and 5. After 21 days of first immunization, blood was
collected from orbital plexus under light ether anesthesia.
The collected blood was allowed to clot and serum was
separated by centrifugation at 1500 rpm. The separated
serum was stored at -20ΊC until it was used for the
experiment.
Then animals were divided into the following groups:
Model Control
Standard (5 mg/kg)
AEEA (250 mg/kg)
AEEA (500 mg/kg)
The antiovalbumin serum was injected intradermally on the
clipped dorsal skin of the animal. Drug/extracts were
administered to animal according to their group for three
consecutive days from the day of sensitization. After
treatment, inject 1 ml of 0.5% solution containing 20 mg of
egg albumin was injected intravenously through tail vein.
Because of antigen-antibody reaction there was increased
vascular permeability and dye will penetrate in that tissue
area. This area of skin was removed after sacrificed. The
skin portion was transferred to the solution of 70% acetone
for 24 hrs. The dye was extract out in the acetone and Evans
blue dye was measured calorimetrically at 620 nm. The
amount of dye penetrate in the skin area reflect the severity
of hypersensitivity reactions.
Immunomodulator activity
It has been reported that protection of neuronal tissues may
be possibly due to the immunomodulatory action of Eclipta
alba. Therefore, Eclipta Alba can serve as a potential
memory modulator. Experimentation made to assess the
immunomodulatory activity of methanol extracts of whole
plant of E. alba (1.6% wedelolactone) at five dose levels
(dose-response relationship) ranging from 100 to 500
mg/kg using carbon clearance, antibody titer and
cyclophosphamide immunosuppression parameters
significantly increased phagocytic index and antibody titer
and the F ratios of the phagocytic index and WBC count
were also significant. The aqueous leaf extract Eclipta alba
was fed into a fish (tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus) at 0,
0.01, 0.1 or 1% levels as a diet for 3 weeks. After each
week, non-specific humoral (lysozyme, antiprotease and
complement) and cellular (myeloperoxidase content,
production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species)
responses and disease resistance against Aeromonas
hydrophila were noted which resulted in increased activity of
non-specific immune parameters. The results indicate that
dietary intake of E. alba aqueous leaf extract enhances the
non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of O.
mossambicus against A. Hydrophila14,15,16.
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory activity Albino wistar rats were used to investigate anti-inflammatory
activity in which methanolic extract was administered orally.
100 and 200 mg/kg showed significant anti-inflammatory
activity in carrageenin and egg white induced hind paw
edema in rats which was compared with indomethacin (10
mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (8 mg/kg). Analgesic effect
was studied on albino mice using ethanolic and alkaloidal
extract of Eclipta Alba. Standard experimental models such
as the tail clip method, the tail flick method and the acetic
acid induced writhing response were used which showed both
the ethanol extract as well as the total alkaloids produced
good analgesic activity in all the different models of
analgesia used. The total alkaloidal fraction was the most
efficacious in all models tested.17,18.
Antidiabetic activity
The choloroform extract of eclipta alba exhibitedsignificant
antidiabetic activities in alloxan induced diabetic rats. This
extract has showed improvement in parameters like body
weight and lipid profile by enhancing effect on cellular
antioxidant defenses to protect against oxidative damage.
Present efforts are directed to isolate the active constituents
from this fraction and confirmation of mechanism of
action.19,20
Hair growth & Alopecia
Eclipta Alba is used in hair oil preparations since it promotes
hair growth and maintains hair black. 10%w/v of Eclipta
alba was an main ingredient in the preparation of herbal
formulation for hair growth. Alopecia is a dermatological
disorder with psychosocial implications on patients with hair
loss. Eclipta Alba is a well-known Ayurvedic herb for hair
growth. In the reported work Petroleum ether & ethanolic
extracts were incorporated into oleaginous cream (water in
oil cream base) and applied topically on shaved denuded
skin of albino rats. The time (in days) required for hair
growth initiation as well as completion of hair growth cycle
Chokotia, L. S., et. al., June - July, 2013, 2(4), 499-502
©SRDE Group, All Rights Reserved. Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci. 502
was recorded. Minoxidil 2% solution was applied topically
and served as positive control for comparison. The result of
treatment with 2 and 5% petroleum ether extracts were
better than the positive control minoxidi21
Anticancer activity
The inhibitory effect of the crude methanolic extract of
Eclipta alba has been tested in vitro against a panel of colon
cancer and normal intestinal cells using MTT cytotox assays.
Plant extracts inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells
in a concentration-dependent manner and more cytotoxic to
cancer cells than to normal cells. The cancer cell lines for
further test and assay methods were sent to cancer cell lines,
New Delhi to obtain the results.22,23
CONCLUSIONS
Eclipta Alba offers a remarkable activity for curing of many
diseases. It has a wide range of chemical constituents. Clinical
investigations have been done on pharmacological activities
like hepatotoxicity, proliferative, diabetic, hypolipedemic
etc. It has a greater potential to inhibit the growth of the
bacteria and fungus. Further investigation of the plant can
increase the isolation of the newer molecules which will be
helpful for the study of the pharmacological activities and to
discover from the plant thus preventing the human and the
economic losses in the environment.
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13. Dae-Ik Kima, Sung-Hyen Lee, Jin-Ho Choia, Hyun Soon Lillehoj, Mi-Hee Yu, Gun-Soon Lee. The butanol fraction of Eclipta prostrata (Linn) effectively reduces serum lipid levels and improves antioxidant activities in CD rats. Nutrition Research. 2008; 28: 550–54.
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18. Mahesh Sawant, Jolly C. Isaac, Shridhar Narayanan. Analgesic studies on total alkaloids and alcohol extracts of Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. Phytotherapy research. 2004; 18(2):111-13
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