review 4 greek and hellenistic

Greek ArtGreek Art

Greek Art: GEOMETRIC PERIODGreek Art: GEOMETRIC PERIOD

Greek SculptureGreek Sculpture

KOUROS: MaleKOUROS: Male KORE: FemaleKORE: Female

ARCHAIC PERIOD: ARCHAIC SMILEARCHAIC PERIOD: ARCHAIC SMILE

Greek Sculpture: KORE FiguresGreek Sculpture: KORE Figures

Greek Sculpture: KOUROS Figures (Severe style)Greek Sculpture: KOUROS Figures (Severe style)

CONTRAPPOSTO POSECONTRAPPOSTO POSE

Classical Greek SculptureClassical Greek Sculpture

Pediment Sculptures: Temple of Zeus at OlympiaPediment Sculptures: Temple of Zeus at OlympiaBattle of the Lapiths and CentaursBattle of the Lapiths and Centaurs

ETHOS: Self-discipline; rational, intelligent, and ETHOS: Self-discipline; rational, intelligent, and controlled behavior; civilized.controlled behavior; civilized.

PATHOS: Spontaneous emotional reaction; irrational;PATHOS: Spontaneous emotional reaction; irrational;anarchic.anarchic.

SYMMETRIA: harmony; SYMMETRIA: harmony; commensurability of the partscommensurability of the parts

““The Canon”The Canon”

ModuleModule

The Doryphoros by PolykleitosThe Doryphoros by Polykleitos

““Man is the measure of allMan is the measure of allthings.”—Protagorasthings.”—Protagoras(Greece; 400s BC)(Greece; 400s BC)

The Doryphoros by PolykleitosThe Doryphoros by Polykleitos

Greek idealism: generic Greek idealism: generic (the perfectibility of human (the perfectibility of human nature)nature)

The Doryphoros by PolykleitosThe Doryphoros by Polykleitos

RHYTHMOS: pattern of events RHYTHMOS: pattern of events

Discus Thrower (Discobolus)Discus Thrower (Discobolus)by Myronby Myron

LARGE-SCALE BRONZE CASTINGLARGE-SCALE BRONZE CASTING

The simple lost-wax casting technique The simple lost-wax casting technique was inadequate for complex, life-sized was inadequate for complex, life-sized figures, and a more sophisticatedfigures, and a more sophisticatedversion was adopted, involving severalversion was adopted, involving severalsteps.steps.

1. A full-size clay model of statue 1. A full-size clay model of statue fashioned out of clay.fashioned out of clay.

LARGE-SCALE BRONZE CASTINGLARGE-SCALE BRONZE CASTING

1. A full-size clay model of statue 1. A full-size clay model of statue fashioned out of clay.fashioned out of clay.

2. A clay mold was then created around 2. A clay mold was then created around the clay original; it was removed inthe clay original; it was removed in sections, resulting in a several piece sections, resulting in a several piece mold.mold.

3. The pieces of the mold for each body 3. The pieces of the mold for each body were reassembled, and wax waswere reassembled, and wax was applied to the insides of these molds;applied to the insides of these molds; when removed the result was a hollowwhen removed the result was a hollow wax model in the shape of the originalwax model in the shape of the original clay sculpture. Since this clay model clay sculpture. Since this clay model would be used in casting, final would be used in casting, final refinements and adjustments were refinements and adjustments were made to it.made to it.

4. Clay molded around exterior of the wax models for each 4. Clay molded around exterior of the wax models for each part, and liquid clay was poured inside them to make part, and liquid clay was poured inside them to make hardened cores. Metal pins inserted to connect the clayhardened cores. Metal pins inserted to connect the clay outer layer to the clay core.outer layer to the clay core.

OUTER LAYER OF CLAY OUTER LAYER OF CLAY (INVESTMENT) (INVESTMENT)

HOLLOW WAX MODEL OF HOLLOW WAX MODEL OF HEAD HEAD

CLAY CORE CLAY CORE

METAL PINS METAL PINS (CHAPLETS) (CHAPLETS)

5. Assembly heated so that wax melts out. 5. Assembly heated so that wax melts out.

LAYER OF WAX MELTED LAYER OF WAX MELTED OUT, LEAVING AN EMPTY OUT, LEAVING AN EMPTY

SPACE SPACE

METAL PINS METAL PINS HOLD THE HOLD THE CLAY CORECLAY CORE IN PLACE IN PLACE WITHIN THE WITHIN THE OUTER LAYER OUTER LAYER OF CLAY, OF CLAY, PRESERVING PRESERVING THE HOLLOWTHE HOLLOW CHANNELCHANNEL

6. Molten bronze poured into the hollow channel. 6. Molten bronze poured into the hollow channel.

MOLTEN MOLTEN BRONZE BRONZE

6. Molten bronze poured into the hollow channel.6. Molten bronze poured into the hollow channel.

7. When the bronze hardens, the outer layer of clay and as 7. When the bronze hardens, the outer layer of clay and as much of the inner core as possible are removed, leaving much of the inner core as possible are removed, leaving final bronze versions of the individual body parts, whichfinal bronze versions of the individual body parts, which were fitted together and soldered.were fitted together and soldered.

MOLTEN MOLTEN BRONZE BRONZE

Inlays added: Inlays added:

Lips: copper Lips: copper

Nipples: Nipples: copper copper

Eyes: stone Eyes: stone

Teeth: silver Teeth: silver

Greek ArchitectureGreek Architecture

The Parthenon, Athens, c.440 BCThe Parthenon, Athens, c.440 BC

Greek Architecture: Architectural OrdersGreek Architecture: Architectural Orders

DORIC ORDERDORIC ORDER IONIC ORDERIONIC ORDER

No base No base BaseBase

Plain Plain capital capital

Capital withCapital with volutesvolutes

Ionic: VolutesIonic: Volutes Corinthian:Corinthian:Acanthus leavesAcanthus leaves

Greek Architecture: Architectural OrdersGreek Architecture: Architectural Orders

Greek Architecture: Athens--AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens--Acropolis

ACROPOLIS:ACROPOLIS:““Acro Polis” (High City) Acro Polis” (High City)

Athena PromachosAthena PromachosSalamisSalamis

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—Acropolis

PROPYLAEIA by MNISIKLES PROPYLAEIA by MNISIKLES

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—Acropolis

TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE (Victory) by KALLIKRATESTEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE (Victory) by KALLIKRATES

Nike FiguresNike Figures

Parthenon Parthenon

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisTHE PARTHENONTHE PARTHENON

by IKTINOS and KALLIKRATESby IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES

Parthenon (Athens):Parthenon (Athens):8 by 178 by 17

L = 2W+1: 17 = 2(8)+1L = 2W+1: 17 = 2(8)+1

Greek Architecture: Temple PlansGreek Architecture: Temple Plans

VITRUVIUS VITRUVIUS

If the platform is straight:If the platform is straight:

The human eye perceives it The human eye perceives it like this:like this:

__________________________

(slight dip—a few inches—in the center)(slight dip—a few inches—in the center)

PARTHENONPARTHENON

Because the columns Because the columns on the corners are on the corners are seen against a lighter seen against a lighter back ground back ground (sunlight), to the (sunlight), to the human eye they will human eye they will appear thinner.appear thinner.

VITRUVIUS VITRUVIUS

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisTHE PARTHENON: Visual tension, organic (?)THE PARTHENON: Visual tension, organic (?)

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisTHE PARTHENON: FriezeTHE PARTHENON: Frieze

Frieze Frieze Parthenon frieze:Parthenon frieze:PANATHENAICPANATHENAICPROCESSIONPROCESSION

““Pan Athenaic”Pan Athenaic”(all Athens)(all Athens)

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisTHE PARTHENON: Panathenaic ProcessionTHE PARTHENON: Panathenaic Procession

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisTHE PARTHENON: Panathenaic ProcessionTHE PARTHENON: Panathenaic Procession

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisTHE PARTHENON: Panathenaic ProcessionTHE PARTHENON: Panathenaic Procession

Peplos Peplos

ErectheionErectheion

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisTHE ERECTHEIONTHE ERECTHEION

Greek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisGreek Architecture: Athens—AcropolisTHE ERECTHEION: CaryatidsTHE ERECTHEION: Caryatids

PRAXITELESPRAXITELES

SKOPASSKOPAS LYSIPPOSLYSIPPOS

Greek Sculpture: 300s BCGreek Sculpture: 300s BC

Bust of Alexander the Great Bust of Alexander the Great (after an original(after an originalby Lysippos)by Lysippos)

““Hellenistic:” In the style of the Greeks (spread of Greek Hellenistic:” In the style of the Greeks (spread of Greek culture to non-Greek lands)culture to non-Greek lands)

Mosaic (from Pella, Macedonia)Mosaic (from Pella, Macedonia)TESSERAE: The individual chips in a mosaicTESSERAE: The individual chips in a mosaic

EphesusEphesus

Pergamon: Acropolis—ALTAR OF ZEUS Pergamon: Acropolis—ALTAR OF ZEUS

Giants: Primeval, cthonic monstersGiants: Primeval, cthonic monsters““Gigantomachy”Gigantomachy”

Pergamon: ASCLEPION Pergamon: ASCLEPION Asclepius: Healing god Asclepius: Healing god

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLDSEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

1.1. GREAT PYRAMID(S?)GREAT PYRAMID(S?) of EGYPTof EGYPT

Still standingStill standing

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLDSEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

1.1. GREAT PYRAMID(S?)GREAT PYRAMID(S?) of EGYPTof EGYPT2. HANGING GARDENS2. HANGING GARDENS of BABYLONof BABYLON

King Nebuchadnezzar IIKing Nebuchadnezzar II

Destroyed—date unknownDestroyed—date unknown

No trace has ever been foundNo trace has ever been found

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLDSEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

1.1. GREAT PYRAMID(S?)GREAT PYRAMID(S?) of EGYPTof EGYPT2. HANGING GARDENS2. HANGING GARDENS of BABYLONof BABYLON3. STATUE OF ZEUS3. STATUE OF ZEUS at OLYMPIAat OLYMPIA

Move to ConstantinopleMove to Constantinople

Destroyed in a fire—462 ADDestroyed in a fire—462 AD

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLDSEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

1.1. GREAT PYRAMID(S?)GREAT PYRAMID(S?) of EGYPTof EGYPT2. HANGING GARDENS2. HANGING GARDENS of BABYLONof BABYLON3. STATUE OF ZEUS3. STATUE OF ZEUS at OLYMPIAat OLYMPIA4. THE MAUSOLEUM 4. THE MAUSOLEUM (of MAUSOLUS)(of MAUSOLUS)

Destroyed by 1522 ADDestroyed by 1522 ADafter the Knights of St.after the Knights of St.John use the stones to John use the stones to build their fortress.build their fortress.

Destroyed—Christians, 401 ADDestroyed—Christians, 401 AD

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD: SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD: TEMPLE of ARTEMIS at EPHESUS TEMPLE of ARTEMIS at EPHESUS

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLDSEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

1.1. GREAT PYRAMID(S?)GREAT PYRAMID(S?) of EGYPTof EGYPT2. HANGING GARDENS2. HANGING GARDENS of BABYLONof BABYLON3. STATUE OF ZEUS3. STATUE OF ZEUS at OLYMPIAat OLYMPIA4. THE MAUSOLEUM 4. THE MAUSOLEUM (of MAUSOLUS)(of MAUSOLUS)5. TEMPLE of ARTEMIS5. TEMPLE of ARTEMIS at EPHESUSat EPHESUS6. THE COLOSSUS of6. THE COLOSSUS of RHODESRHODES

Destroyed—sold as scrap byDestroyed—sold as scrap byArab merchants 654 ADArab merchants 654 AD

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLDSEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

1.1. GREAT PYRAMID(S?)GREAT PYRAMID(S?) of EGYPTof EGYPT2. HANGING GARDENS2. HANGING GARDENS of BABYLONof BABYLON3. STATUE OF ZEUS3. STATUE OF ZEUS at OLYMPIAat OLYMPIA4. THE MAUSOLEUM 4. THE MAUSOLEUM (of MAUSOLUS)(of MAUSOLUS)5. TEMPLE of ARTEMIS5. TEMPLE of ARTEMIS at EPHESUSat EPHESUS6. THE COLOSSUS of6. THE COLOSSUS of RHODESRHODES7. THE LIGHTHOUSE of7. THE LIGHTHOUSE of ALEXANDRIAALEXANDRIA

Destroyed by Sultan in 1480 AD; stone used for fortifications Destroyed by Sultan in 1480 AD; stone used for fortifications