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The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx
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The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx – Alex CallinicosFirst published 1983. Second edition published 1995. Reprinted with corrections 1996.
Second reprint 1999. Third reprint 2004.
Bookmarks Publications Ltd, c/o 1 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QE
Bookmarks, PO Box A338, Sydney South, NSW 2000, Australia
Firts Urdu edition published 2004 (translated from third reprint of second edition 2004) by
International Socialist Publications, PO Box 8404 Karachi, Pakistan
Copyright © Bookmarks Publications Ltd
ISBN 1 898876 13 4
Printed by Biddles
Cover by Noel Douglas
Bookmarks Publications Ltd is linked to an international grouping ofsocialist organisations:
Australia International Socialist Organisation, PO Box A338, Sydney South. iso@iso.org.auAustria Linkswende, Postfach 87, 1108 Wien. linkswende@yahoo.comBritain Socialist Workers Party, PO Box 82, London E3 3LH. enquiries@swp.org.ukCanada International Socialists, PO Box 339, Station E, Toronto, Ontario M6H 4E3.iscanada@ on.aibn.comCyprus Ergatiki Demokratia, PO Box 27280, Nicosia. wd@workersdemocracy.netCzech Republic Socialisticka Solidarita, PO Box 1002, 11121 Praha 1. socsol@email.czDenmark Internationale Socialister, PO Box 5113, 8100 Aarhus C. intsoc@socialister.dkFinland Sosialistiliitto, PL 288, 00171 Helsinki. info@sosialistiliitto.orgFrance Socialisme par en bas, BP 15-94111, Arcueil Cedex. contact@socialismeparenbas.orgGermany Linksruck, Postfach 44 0346, 12003 Berlin. info@linksruck.deGhana International Socialist Organisation, PO Box TF202, Trade Fair, Labadi, Accra.isogh@ hotmail.comGreece Sosialistiko Ergatiko Komma, c/o Workers Solidarity, PO Box 8161, Athens 100 10.sek@otenet.grHolland Internationale Socialisten, PO Box 92025, 1090AA Amsterdam.info@internationalesocialisten.orgIreland Socialist Workers Party, PO Box 1648, Dublin 8. swp@clubi.ieItaly Comunismo dal Basso, Leeder, CP Bologna, Succ 5. dalbasso@hotmail.comNew Zealand Socialist Workers Organisation, PO Box 13-685, Auckland.socialist-worker@pl.netNorway Internasjonale Socialisterr, Postboks 9226, Grønland, 0134 Oslo. intsos@intsos.noPoland Pracownicza Demokracja, PO Box 12, 01-900 Warszawa 118. pracdem@go2.plSpain En Lucha, Apartado 563, 08080 Barcelona. info@enlucha.orgUruguay Izquierda Revolucionaria. ir@adinet.com.uyZimbabwe International Socialist Organisation, PO Box 6758, Harare. isozim@hotmail.com
Marxism and Philosophy(1983), Making History(1987), Against Postmodernism(1989), The Revenge of History (1991), Theories and
Narratives (1995) and An Anti-Capitalist Manifesto (2003).
AD Engels, Anti-Dühring(Moscow, 1969)
C Marx, Capital: i (Harmondsworth, 1976), ii (Moscow, 1956),
iii (Moscow, 1971)
CW Marx and Engels, Collected Works, 50 vols published or in
preparation (London, 1975- )
CWF Marx, The Civil War in France(Peking, 1966)
G Marx, Grundrisse(Harmondsworth, 1973)
SC Marx and Engels, Selected Correspondence(Moscow, 1965)
SW Marx and Engels, Selected Works, 3 vols (Moscow, 1973)
TSV Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, 3 vols (Moscow, 1963-72)
V Value: Studies by Marx(London, 1976)
.....
(TSV ii 29)
(C
iii 198)
.....
(TSV ii 434)
= + +
+ + = + +
= + + =
+ +
(C iii 180)
(C iii 161)
FURTHER READING
THE WRITINGS OF MARX AND ENGELS
One negative consequence of the collapse of Stalinism has been that Progress Publishers in
Moscow no longer churns out cheap editions of Marx and Engels in vast quantities. Some of
this output is still available, in Britain through Lawrence & Wishart, which publishes the two
best selections of Marx’s and Engels’ writings in English in one and three volumes respectively.
Lawrence & Wishart is also publishing the monumental 50-volume Marx-Engels Collected
Works, begun in 1975 and now nearing completion. Penguins Classics publishes, in association
with New Left Review, an excellent three-volume selection of Marx’s Political Writings
(The Revolutions of 1848, Surveys from Exile and The First International and After), the
Grundrisse and a good modern translation of the three volumes of Capital. These editions, and
those published by Lawrence & Wishart, are to be preferred since, on the whole, they
provide complete works rather than selected fragments of Marx’s and Engels’ writings which
can be highly misleading. The Chinese regime still publishes cheap separate editions of many of
the most important works in English, though these are not always easy to get hold of.
The best place to start in trying to understand Marx is with The Communist Manifesto (London,
2003). Engels’ Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (London, 1993) sets Marx’s ideas in their
historical context and briefly summarises them.
Marx’s materialist conception of history is concisely stated in his 1859 Preface to A
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.This text is to some extent a summary of Part
1 of The German Ideology, where historical materialism first took shape in something like its
mature form. (Part 1 has been published separately by Lawrence & Wishart with some other
useful short texts; the rest of The German Ideology, Volume 5 of the Collected Works, should
be avoided like the plague by all except those interested in Marx’s obscure quarrels with the
Young Hegelians.) Marx’s Wages, Price and Profit is the best introduction to the labour theory
of value; Wage Labour and Capital is also a good starting point (published together by
Bookmarks, 1996). Those who wish to sample Capital, and it is after all Marx’s life-work,
should try Volume 1, which is far more historical and concrete than the others. The Penguin
edition is the best. Readers intimidated by the opening chapter on commodities might try
skipping Part 1 of the book, having first read Wages, Price and Profit, and come back to Part 1
after reading the rest of Volume 1.
Marx’s skills as a writer and an anatomist of bourgeois society are nowhere better displayed
than in his writings on France and especially The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. His
theory of the state is developed much further, however, in The Civil War in France (the Beijing
edition contains Marx’s important drafts of the final Address), and in Engels’ The Origin of the
Family, Private Property and the State. It is more difficult to suggest what to read on Marx’s
method since it has to be gleaned chiefly from his longer writings, but the three most
important texts are probably The Poverty of Philosophy, the Introduction to the Grundrisse and
the Afterword to the 2nd German edition of Capital Volume 1. Engels’ Anti-Dühring is an
important attempt to state and defend Marx’s method.
Finally, the publication of Volumes 30-34 of the Collected Works means that the second rough
draft of Capital, usually known as The Economic Manuscript of 1861-63, is now available in
English. It includes Theories of Surplus Value, Marx’s critical history of bourgeois economics
(also available separately from Lawrence & Wishart), along with much other interesting
material. But it is one of his more difficult works.
GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS
Chris Harman’s How Marxism Works (London, 4th edition, 1993) is an excellent short basic
introduction. The best book-length introduction in print is still probably Isaiah Berlin’s Karl
Marx (Oxford, 1978) which, although unsympathetic to its subject, manages to convey the
quality of Marx’s intellectual, political, and cultural context better than any other work I know.
The latest edition corrects the worst factual howlers committed in earlier versions. Of the more
demanding general treatments two long out of print works, Sidney Hook’s Towards an
understanding of Karl Marx (London, 1933) and Karl Korsch’s Karl Marx (London,
1938) stand out. Jon Elster’s Making Sense of Marx (Cambridge, 1985) is a detailed, erudite,
intelligent but destructive discussion of Marx’s writings. His more basic An Introduction to
Marx (Cambridge, 1986) has all the vices and none of the virtues of the longer book.
CHAPTER 1
THE LIFE OF A REVOLUTIONARY
Franz Mehring’s Karl Marx (London, 1936), the classic Marxist biography, is now badly dated.
David McLellan has written a good modern biography, Karl Marx (London, 1973), although he
is not a reliable guide to Marx’s thought. The 1995 edition has an extensive and up to
date bibliography. More recent is Francis Wheen’s lively and very readable Karl Marx (London,
1999), although again it is weaker on Marx’s ideas. Marx Without Myth by Maximilien Rubel
and Margaret Manale (Oxford, 1975) is a detailed chronology of Marx’s life and works.
August Nimtz’s Marx and Engels: Their Contribution to the Democratic Breakthrough (New
York, 2000) is an excellent discussion of the two revolutionaries’ actual political practice.
Engels comes vividly alive in Gustav Meyer’s Friedrich Engels (London, 1936). The
Revolutionary Ideas of Frederick Engels, a special issue (2:65) of International Socialism to
mark the centenary of his death in 1995, contains valuable articles on different aspects of
Engels’ life and thought by Lindsey German, John Rees, Chris Harman and
Paul McGarr. The philosophical background to Marx’s intellectual development
is provided by Karl Löwith’s From Hegel to Nietzsche (London, 1965) and Herbert Marcuse’s
Reason and Revolution (London, 1968).
The two best studies of Marx’s development in English are Hal Draper’s Karl Marx’s Theory of
Revolution Volume 1 (London, 1977) and Sidney Hook’s From Hegel to Marx (Ann Arbor,
1971). What Marx was like as a person can be gleaned from a variety of sources. Among these
are contemporary witnesses, for example Karl Marx: Interviews and Recollections (London,
1982) edited by David McLellan, and his letters, either in the Selected Correspondence
(Moscow, 1965) or in the Collected Works from Volume 38 onwards. Perhaps best of all are S S
Prawer’s Karl Marx and World Literature (Oxford, 1978) and the first volume, Family Life, of
Yvonne Kapp’s Eleanor Marx (London, 1973).
CHAPTER 2
SOCIALISM BEFORE MARX
Three books by Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (Harmondsworth, 1969), The Age of
Revolution (London, 1973) and The Age of Capital (London, 1977) provide the essential
historical background to Marx’s epoch. Unfortunately, apart from Engels’ Socialism: Utopian
and Scientific, G D H Cole’s A History of Socialist Thought Volume 1 (London, 1953) and
Frank and Fritzie Manuel’s Utopian Thought in the Western World (Oxford, 1979), there is not
much in English that is any good on the Utopian socialists. This is a pity because they merit
serious, if critical, attention.
CHAPTER 3
RICARDO, HEGEL AND FEUERBACH
Isaak Rubin, a first rate Marxist economist murdered by Stalin, wrote the excellent A History of
Economic Thought (London, 1979) outlining the development of economics before Marx.
(Ignore the highly pretentious Afterword by a French academic socialist.)
Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy is a lucid discussion of
both Hegel and Feuerbach. But there is no getting round the fact that Hegel is very difficult.
Charles Taylor’s Hegel (Cambridge, 1975) and the same author’s more concise Hegel
and Modern Society (Cambridge, 1979) represent a serious attempt to make sense of this highly
obscure philosopher. If you want to sample Hegel himself, try The Philosophy of History
(London, 1956) or, if you’re feeling braver, The Logic of Hegel (Oxford, 1975). His greatest
work is The Phenomenology of Spirit (Oxford, 1977) whose Preface gives probably the best
statement of Hegel’s philosophy.
CHAPTER 4
MARX’S METHOD
Marxist philosophy isn’t the most accessible of subjects either, in part because of the obscure
vocabulary practitioners often use, in part because it is dogged by controversy. I have tried to
provide an overview in Marxism and Philosophy (Oxford, 1983). Undoubtedly the greatest
work of Marxist philosophy is Georg Lukács’ History and Class Consciousness (London, 1971),
though it is not easy reading. John Rees’s book The Algebra of Revolution (New Jersey, 1997)
provides an excellent treatment of the whole subject of the dialectic. The relationship between
Marx’s early writings and his later work has been a source of much debate since Louis Althusser
argued in For Marx (London, 1969) that there was a ‘break’ between them. The opposite
case is defended strongly in Istvan Meszaros’s Marx’s Theory of Alienation (London, 1970) and
Bertell Ollman’s Alienation (Cambridge, 1971). C J Arthur’s Dialectics of Labour (Oxford,
1986) is a good study of the 1844 Manuscripts. Norman Geras’s Marx and Human Nature
(London, 1983) and Ali Rattansi’s Marx and the Division of Labour (London, 1982) are two
important discussions of issues covered in this chapter.
CHAPTER 5
HISTORY AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE
Marx’s theory of history has also been much debated in Britain over the last 20 years or so. The
origins of this debate go back to the attempt by Louis Althusser and Etienne Balibar in Reading
Capital (London, 1970) systematically to reconstruct historical materialism. Contributions
include Edward Thompson’s The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London, 1978), G A
Cohen’s Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence (Oxford, 1978), Perry Anderson’s
Arguments Within English Marxism (London, 1980), Chris Harman’s ‘Base and
Superstructure’ in International Socialism 2:36 (1986) and my Making History (Cambridge,
1987).
British Marxists have also produced some marvellous historical studies. I am thinking of the
writings of, for example, Edward Thompson, Christopher Hill, G E M de Ste Croix, Rodney
Hilton, George Rudé, Maurice Dobb, Brian Manning, Eric Hobsbawm and Perry Anderson.
Ste Croix’s The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (London, 1981) is particularly
important as a demonstration of historical materialism’s ability to comprehend pre-capitalist
societies.
CHAPTER 6
CAPITALISM
Paul Sweezy’s The Theory of Capitalist Development (London, 1968), though wrong in places
and largely mistaken politically, is still unequalled as a guide to Marxist political economy.
Isaak Rubin’s Essays on Marx’s Theory of Value (Detroit, 1972) and Roman Rosdolsky’s The
Making of Marx’s ‘Capital’ (London, 1977) are the best commentaries on Capital. Two books
by authors from Communist Party backgrounds, Ben Fine and Lawrence Harris’s Rereading
Capital (London, 1979) and John Weeks’s Capital and Exploitation (London, 1981), provide
sophisticated theoretical responses to attacks on Marx by orthodox economists. My account of
his theory of crises is heavily indebted to these two books, and to Chris Harman’s Explaining
the Crisis (London, 1984). Chris Harman has also written a much more recent and
popular exposition, Economics of the Madhouse (London, 1995).
CHAPTER 7
WORKERS’ POWER
Marx and Engels’ conception of the revolutionary party is outlined and critically discussed in
Chris Harman’s Party and Class (London, 1983) and John Molyneux’s Marxism and the Party
(London, 1986). Lenin’s approach is also sketched out in these works. Harman’s essay is now
reprinted in an excellent collection, Party and Class (London, 1996), also including important
essays by Tony Cliff, Duncan Hallas and Leon Trotsky. For a much more detailed study, see
especially the first volume, Building the Party (London, 1986), of Tony Cliff’s Lenin.
Lenin’s The State and Revolution is essentially a study and development of Marx’s and Engels’
theory of the state. Two of the best academic studies are Hal Draper’s Karl Marx’s Theory of
Revolution (4 volumes, New York, 1977, 1978, 1986, 1990) and Alan Gilbert’s Marx’s
Politics (Oxford, 1981). Chris Harman’s ‘The State and Capitalism Today’ in International
Socialism 2:51 (1991) is an important contribution to the Marxist theory of the state.
The question of the relationship between the class struggle and various forms of
oppression—sexual, racial, etc—is only touched on in this book. Some pointers to this vast and
controversial subject can be found in Lindsey German’s ‘Theories of Patriarchy’ in International
Socialism 2:12 (1981) and Sex, Class and Socialism (London, 1989), Chris Harman’s
‘Women’s Liberation and Revolutionary Socialism’ in International Socialism 2:23 (1984),
Johanna Brenner’s and Maria Ramas’s ‘Rethinking Women’s Oppression’ in New Left Review
144 (1984), Tony Cliff’s Class Struggle and Women’s Liberation (London, 1984) and my Race
and Class (London, 1993).
CHAPTER 8
MARX TODAY
Tony Cliff’s State Capitalism in Russia (London, new edition, 1996) is basic to an
understanding of the self-styled ‘socialist’ countries. Chris Harman extended this analysis in
Class Struggles in Eastern Europe 1945-83 (London, 1983) and used it to explain the East
European revolutions in ‘The Storm Breaks’ in International Socialism 2:46 (1990). I discuss
the significance of 1989 in The Revenge of History (Cambridge, 1991) and in the first chapter
of Theories and Narratives (Cambridge, 1995).Chris Harman’s Explaining the Crisis (London,
1984) is the bestsingle Marxist account of post-war capitalism. He restates and updates his
analysis in ‘Where is Capitalism Going?’ in International Socialism 2:58 and 2:60 (1993). The
articles reprinted in Alex Callinicos, John Rees, Chris Harman and Mike Haynes, Marxism and
the New Imperialism (London, 1994) analyse different aspects of the world situation after the
Cold War.The class structure of contemporary capitalism is explored in Alex Callinicos and
Chris Harman, The Changing Working Class (London, 1987), and by Lindsey German in A
Question of Class (London, 1996). Harry Braverman’s study of the 20th century working class,
Labor and Monopoly Capital (New York, 1974), is a modern socialist classic.
INDEX
Appian: Monopoly capital:
Wage labour: Wages, Price and Profit:
Wages: Argentina:
Aristotle: Urquhart, David:
Spartacus: Spinoza, Benedictus de:
Spain: Exploitation:
Strachey, John: Stalin, Joseph:
Stirner, Max: Steuart, Sir James:
Stewart, Michael: Scottish historical school:
Smith, Adam: , Commodity fetishism::
Generalised commodity production: Surplus product: Surplus labour:
Inflation: Afghanistan:
Plato: American Civil War:
Anarchism: India:
Human nature: Revolutions of 1848:
Revolutionary party: English Revolution (1640):
Condition of the Working Class in England: Annenkov, Paul: Odger, George:
Owen, David: Owen, Robert:
Aeschylus:
Adorno, Theodor: Iran:
Anti-Dühring: Engels, Friedrich:
Oppression: ‘Species being’:
‘Socialism in one country’: Population:
Automation: Freedom:
Austria: Ireland:
Einstein, Albert: Idealism:
Babeuf, Gracchus:
Bakunin, Mikhail: Balzac, Honoré de:
Bolsheviks: Balfour, Arthur: Bauer, Edgar: Bauer, Bruno:
Bahro, Rudolph: Crises:
Bukharin, Nikolai: Brazil:
Brittan, Samuel: Britain:
Bernstein, Eduard: Burns, Mary:
Bruno, Giordano: Bismarck: Insurrection:
Blanqui, Auguste:
Blanc, Louis: Belgium:
Blumenburg, Werner: Base and superstructure:
Boyle, Robert: Boiardo, Matteo Maria:
Bourgeois democratic revolution: Bourgeoisie:, Bonapartism:
Bonaparte, Louis (Napoleon III): Bonaparte, Napoleon
Bois, Guy: Boem-Bawerk, Eugen von:
Bohemia: Bebel, August:
Alienation: Internationalism:
Bureaucracy: Unemployment:
Parliament:
Pascal, Blaise: Prawer, S S: Portugal:
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph: Prussia:
Proletarian revolution: Dictatorship of the proletariat:
Proletariat: see working class Plekhanov, Georgi:
Poland: Pompey:
Hague Congress of (1872): First International (International Working Men’s Association):
First World War:
Prices of production: Productive and unproductive labour:
Relations of production: Forces of production:
Production: Paris Commune (1871):
Pan-Slavism:
materialist conception of: see historical materialism
Historical materialism: History:
Transformation problem: Abstract social labour:
Abstraction: Turkey:
Contradiction: Distribution:
Technological change: Thompson, E P: Thiers, Auguste:
Thatcher, Margaret:
Trotsky, Leon:
Turgot, A R: Trade union bureaucracy:
Trade unions: Concrete private or useful labour:
Japan:
Feudalism: Dialectic:
The German Ideology: Germany:
Democracy: General Union of German Workers (ADAV):
South Africa: Southern Slavs:
South Korea: Joyce, James:
Jacobins:
Chartism:
Chile: Chinese Revolution (1949):
China:
Motion:
Ruling class:
Passive revolution:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: Family:
God: Women’s liberation:
Dante Alighieri:
Reproduction, simple and extended: Dostoyevsky, Fyodor: Second International: Second World War:
Darwin, Charles:
Danton, Georges:
Draper, Hal: Deutsche-Französische Jahrbücher:
Dühring, Eugen: Descartes, Réné:
Demuth, Frederick: Demuth, Hélène:
Rheinische Zeitung:
Ruge, Arnold:
Roosevelt, Franklin D:
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: Russian Revolution (1905): Russian Revolution (1917):
Russia: Enlightenment:
United States of America (USA): State capitalism:
State: Reform League:
Reformation: Ricardo, David: Reagan, Ronald:
‘Robinsonades’:
Means of production:
Money: Enclosures:
Silesian weavers’ revolt (1844):
Imperialism: Scientific revolution:
Scientific method: Serbia:
Primitive accumulation of capital: Accumulation of capital:
Centralisation and concentration of capital: Organic composition of capital:
Capitalism: Capital in general and many capitals:
Capital: Service industries:
Cervantes, Miguel de:
White collar workers: Socially necessary labour time:
Social value: see market value Sorge, Friedrich:
Socialism (see also Communism): Social Democratic Party (Britain)
Social Democratic Party (Germany) (SPD): Social Democratic Workers Party (Eisenachers):
Civil society: Switzerland:
Soviets: Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy:
Preface to: Political economy:
Saint-Simon, Comte de: Say, Jean-Baptiste:
‘Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League’: ‘Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy’:
Tendency of rate of profit to fall:
counteracting influences: Rate of surplus value:
Rate of profit: Shakespeare, William:
Schelling, F W:
Industrial revolution:
Necessary labour:
Black Death: Class struggle:
Class consciousness: Class and classes: Mode of production: Supply and demand:
World economy:
Universal suffrage: Iraq:
Christianity:
Slavery:
The Civil War in France:
The Class Struggles in France: French Revolution (1789):
France: Franco-Prussian War:
Ferguson, Adam: Free Press:
Frederick the Great: Friedrich Wilhelm IV:
Fisher, Hal:
‘Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature’
Nature: Naturphilosophie: Welfare state: Phalansteries: 49
The Poverty of Philosophy:
Philosophy: Filmer, Robert:
Fourier, Charles: Factory Acts:
Feuerbach, Ludwig: ‘Theses on Feuerbach’:
Theories of Surplus Value:
Surplus value: Exchange value:
Value: Primitive communism:
Credit: Labour power:
Nationalism: Nationalisation:
Cabet, Etienne:
Carlyle, Thomas: Working day:
Kautsky, Karl:
Kepler, Johann:
Multinationals: Crosland, Anthony:
Rent: Peasantry:
Classical German philosophy: Totality:
Kampuchea: Principles of Communism:
political movement: Communism:mode of production:
Manifesto of the Communist Party: Communist Correspondence Committee (Brussels committee):
Communist League: Separation of ownership and control:
Copernicus, Nicolas: Kugelmann, Ludwig:
Condorcet, Marquis de:
Capital:
Keynes, John Maynard: Cuba:
Absolute surplus value: ‘Revelations Concerning the Communist Trial in Cologne’:
Gramsci, Antonio:
Circulation: Grundrisse:
Gladstone, William: Critique of the Gotha Programme:
Galileo:
Lassalle, Ferdinand:,
Lafargue, Paul:
Lafargue, Laura (see Marx): Longuet, Jenny (see Marx): Liebknecht, Wilhelm:
Lebanon: Lissagaray, P-O: Lumpenproletariat:
Lucraft, B:
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte: Louis-Philippe: 18, 23
Labour Party: League of the Just:
Lenin, Vladimir: Leon, Daniel de:
Materialism: Marx, Edgar:
Marx, Eleanor: Marx, Jenny (see von Westphalen):
Marx, Franziska: Marx, Heinrich:
Malthus, Thomas:
Mayer, Gustav:
Unity of opposites: Variable capital:
Departments, I, II and III: Labour process:
Division of labour: Labour theory of value:
Labour: self-emancipation of:
Working class: Equality:
Permanent arms economy: Permanent revolution:
Constant capital: Uneven and combined development:
Collectivisation: Collective worker: Luddites:
Use value: Absolute(or Absolute spirit):
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844: Competition:
The Holy Family: Purpose: 43, 59
General rate of profit: Profit:
Market price: Market value (or social value):
Mexico: McCulloch, J R:
McLellan, David:
Mendel, Johann: Mensheviks:
‘Western Marxism’:
Relative surplus value:
Theory and practice: Ideology:
Negation of the negation: Politisch-Oekonomisch Revue:
Neue Rheinische Zeitung:
Young Hegelians:
Nechev, S G: Nicholas I, Tsar:
Newton, Issac: Neolithic revolution: ‘New middle class’:
Voltaire:
Weitling, Wilhelm:
Wolff, Wilhelm:
Vietnam: Weydemeyer, Joseph:
West Indies: Westphalen, Ludwig von:
Weston, John:
Hobbes, Thomas:
Holbach, Baron d’: Hallische Jahrbücher:
Holland: Hyndman, H M:
Huygens, Christian:
Hitler, Adolf: Herr Vogt:
Herzen, Alexander: Strikes: Hungary:
Holy Alliance: Homer:
Hess, Moses:
Heine, Heinrich: Introduction to:
Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right:
Hegel, Georg: Helvetius:
Utopian socialism:
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR): ‘On the Jewish Question’:
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