rethinking what we do the library’s diminishing market share william e. moen texas center for...
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Rethinking What We Do
The Library’s Diminishing Market Share
William E. Moen<wemoen@unt.edu>
Texas Center for Digital KnowledgeSchool of Library and Information Sciences
University of North Texas
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 2
To begin…
It’s not as if we just landed in Oz … It’s not as if folks hadn’t been identifying the
challenges and opportunities … It’s not as if we haven’t been
Thinking Conducting research Discussing Experimenting …
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 3
The library catalog and cataloging
We used to know what the catalog described “We can catalog the Internet via traditional
AACR and MARC practices” A little revision to the MARC record … And changing the very nature of the catalog
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 5
The Web
LicensedDatabases
LibraryCatalog
Local Databases
Amazon
DigitalResourcesDigital
ResourcesDigitalResources
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 6
Taylor’s categories of added value
Ease of use Noise reduction Quality Adaptability Time-saving Cost-saving
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 7
Taylor’s ease of use (examples)
Interface Browsing Formatting Interfacing – Mediation Interfacing –
Orientation Ordering Physical accessibility
System Alphabetizing Highlighting important
terms
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 8
Quesenbery’s 5 E's of Use
Effective Efficient Engaging Error Tolerant Easy to Learn
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 9
Access to library resources
Your Library Information System
CitationDatabases
BibliographicRecords
OtherInformation
Different:
InterfacesCommandsPresentation Gateway to the
Internet
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 10
Integrating access
Single User Interface to Multiple Resources
Citation Databases
BibliographicRecords
DigitalCollections
Local or Remote User
Your Information Systemwith Multiple Resources
Local or Remote User
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 11
OAIster.org
A union catalog of digital resources Contains nearly 11,000,000 records
describing freely-available and restricted-access digital resources
Uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
Harvests the descriptive metadata (records) and makes those searchable
Currently harvesting from over 700 digital repositories
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 12
Index Data Master Key (prototype)
Enables efficient metasearching of hundreds of databases at the same time
Uses Z39.50, SRU/W, or proprietary protocols Open-source-based alternative to proprietary, closed-source
metasearch alternatives. Supports:
on-the-fly merging relevance-ranking sorting by arbitrary data elements facets for limiting result sets by subject, author, etc.
Current demo searches open web resources OAIster Open Directory Wikipedia Open Content Alliance
Can be used for metasearching of catalogs, commercial dbs, etc.
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 13
Distributed and integrated access
RemoteRemoteInformation SystemInformation System
(e.g., museum system)(e.g., museum system)
Remote Remote Information SystemInformation System
(e.g., archives)(e.g., archives)
YourYourInformationInformation
SystemSystem(e.g., library resources)
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 14
The MCDU Project
Provide empirical evidence of catalogers’ use of MARC content designation
Identify commonly used elements of bibliographic records
Contribute to community discussion about core elements in MARC bibliographic records
Explore the evolution of MARC content designation
Develop research approach to understand the factors influencing levels of MARC content designation use
MARC Content Designation Utilization
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 15
Richness of MARC
MARC 21 Field Groups
Currently Defined
(MARC 21 or OCLC MARC Bib.)
MARC 1972
00x 6 3
0xx 311 28
1xx 76 40
2xx 176 15
3xx 155 4
4xx 45 37
5xx 344 8
6xx 235 66
7xx 477 41
8xx 249 36
9xx 16
TOTAL 2074 278
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 16
Number % Number % Total
MCDU Project Dataset 56,177,383 100
LC-Created Records Non-LC-Created Records
MCDU Project Dataset by LC/nonLC 8,713,665 15.5 47,463,718 84.5 56,177,383
Books Records 7,595,887 13.5 34,546,200 61.5 42,142,087
Cartographic Materials 242,132 0.4 596,642 1.1 838,774
Electronic Resources 39,879 0.1 871,881 1.6 911,760
Continuing Resources 388,332 0.7 2,193,009 3.9 2,581,341
Manuscripts 11,471 0.02 4,390,970 7.8 4,402,441
Music 109,249 0.2 1,167,654 2.1 1,276,903
Sound Recordings 241,940 0.4 1,702,342 3.0 1,944,282
Projected Media 22,088 0.04 1,415,606 2.5 1,437,694
Graphic Materials 62,625 0.1 506,401 0.9 569,026
Three-Dimensional Objects and Realia
62 0.0001 73,013 0.1 73,075
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 17
Example results
7,595,887 LC-created records in dataset Type of Record: Book, Pamphlets, and Printed
Sheets Total number of unique fields: 167 Number of fields accounting for 80% of
occurrences: 14 fields (8.3%) Number of fields accounting for 90% of
occurrences: 21 fields (12.6%) Approximately 110 fields (66%) occur in less than
1% of all records
[Note: Fields are cataloger-supplied, not system-supplied]
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 18
Example results
Field TagNumber of Records Where Each Field is Used at Least Once
Number of Total Occurrences of Each Field
Cumulative Total Percentage of Field Occurrences
650 5,387,282 11,778,732 10.910%
008 7,595,887 7,595,887 17.945%
245 7,595,887 7,595,887 24.981%
010 7,595,726 7,595,726 32.016%
300 7,586,264 7,586,415 39.043%
260 7,585,926 7,585,928 46.069%
050 7,027,027 7,095,639 52.642%
100 5,626,011 5,626,018 57.853%
500 3,264,297 4,582,571 62.097%
020 3,845,934 `4,235,426 66.020%
082 4,034,888 4,036,101 69.758%
043 3,665,624 3,665,626 73.154%
504 3,373,297 3,403,714 76.306%
700 2,312,712 3,240,072 79.307%
880 512,563 2,327,504 81.463%
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 19
Questions for catalogers, 1
Can the data inform your local practices? What about the 60% of all fields used in
less than 1% of the records? What is really needed in a bibliographic
record? Support for the four user tasks? Management of information resources? How do your systems use the
infrequently used data?
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 20
Questions for catalogers, 2
Can you argue persuasively for the cost/benefit of your existing practice?
Should the focus be on high-value, high-impact, high-quality data in a few fields/subfields?
Can you identify these few fields/subfields?
What would it mean for costs of cataloging?
What would this mean for training?
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 21
Adopting new cataloging practices
Select the appropriate metadata scheme. Use level of description and schema (DC, LOM, VRA Core,
etc,) appropriate to the bibliographic resource. Don’t apply MARC, AACR2, and LCSH to everything.
Consider …abandoning the use of controlled vocabularies [LCSH, MESH, etc] for topical subjects in bibliographic records.
Manually enrich metadata in important areas Enhance name, main title, series titles, and uniform titles for
prolific authors in music, literature, and special collections. Automate Metadata Creation
Encourage the creation of metadata by vendors, and its ingestion into our catalog as early as possible in the process.
Import enhanced metadata whenever, wherever it is available from vendors and other sources.
Rethinking How We Provide Bibliographic Services for the University of California (December 2005)
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 23
AquaBrowser – Arlington Public Lib
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 24
Dempsey’s acronymic density or
Metadata schemes: DC, MODS, CDWA, VRA, etc.
Metadata content standards AACR, CCO, DACS, etc.
Metadata encoding standards: MARC, XML, RDF, etc.
Metadata container/wrapper standards: METS, MPEG, etc.
Discipline specific metadata schemes: GILS, CSDGMI, GEM, IEEE-LOM, etc.
Other schemes of interest: TEI, EAD, etc.
“I've often said librarians should like any metadata they see.” (R. Tennant)
…this is the present future!!
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 25
The changes are here and coming
The library as network centric not building centric A node on the network in competition for users
The library catalog as one metadata repository A rich repository of detailed metadata, which needs to interact
with other network systems The network centric library:
Exposes, transforms, reuses, and aggregates metadata Supports interoperability of metadata
The library cataloger as metadata maven Organizing and managing a wide variety of resources in multiple
repositories with different metadata schemes Digital libraries Institutional repositories Image databases ,,,,
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 26
Closing quote
Thus, if librarians are involved at all, it is already clear that their role with respect to metadata will be vastly different from their old cataloging role. As libraries and other agencies continue to make information accessible via the Web, there will be considerable need within the academy for the development of portals, tools, and strategies customized for precision research on the vast Web…. So far, most major developments in these areas have taken place outside of libraries, in the commercial database or portal world, and this trend is likely to continue. If colleges and universities determine that librarians should be involved, this could constitute a solid platform for academic libraries in the next generation. (Campbell, 2006)
Moen The Eppes Lecture -- Florida State University -- March 20, 2007 27
References Index Data Master Key
http://mkey.indexdata.com/demo/ OAIster.org MARC Content Designation Utilization Project
http://www.mcdu.unt.edu Karen Calhoun. (2006). The Changing Nature of the Catalog and its Integration
with Other Discovery Tools http://www.loc.gov/catdir/calhoun-report-final.pdf
Lorcan Dempsey. (2006). The Library Catalogue in the New Discovery Environment: Some Thoughts
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue48/dempsey/ Bibliographic Services Task Force. (2005). Rethinking How We Provide
Bibliographic Services for the University of California http://libraries.universityofcalifornia.edu/sopag/BSTF/Final.pdf
Designing the future -- Library Systems and Data Formats http://futurelib.pbwiki.com/
Next Generation Catalog [listserv] NGC4LIB@listserv.nd.edu
Jerry D Campbell.(2006) Changing a Cultural Icon: The Academic Library as a Virtual Destination.
http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/erm0610.pdf
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