responsible deep sea mining | auv launch...return water engineering & adaptive management...
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DEME | Solutions for global challenges 19DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 19
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | AUV Launch
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 20DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 20
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Resource Definition
Step 1 | Deployment ofAutonomous Underwater Vehicle(AUV) flying five meters above theseabed, taking pictures every twoseconds.
Step 2 | Pictures of the seabed arecollated into a GeographicInformation System (GIS),denotating the exact position andcollating with other sample andsurvey information.
Step 3 | Raw pictures are analyzedand transferred into binary picturesbeing able to identify noduledimensions.
Step 4 | Software analyzes thedifferent dimensions of nodules anddetermines the nodule coverage ofeach picture.
Step 5 | Volume and weight foreach nodule can be deduced basedon the physical data measured onthe nearest box core sample.
Step 6 | Correlation betweencalculated nodule abundance, sidescan sonar imagery andbackscatter intensities will completeour methodology for an optimalestimation of the mineral resource.
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 21DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 21
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Project Development
Responsible Deep Sea Mining Geological considerations
Technological considerations
Environmental considerations
Economic considerations
Regulatory considerations
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 22
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Concept of Operations
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 22
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 23
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | ProCat #1
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 23
• Trafficability• Sinkage• Slippage• Bearing Capacity• Turbidity
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 24
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | ProCat #1
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 24
• Trafficability• Sinkage• Slippage• Bearing Capacity• Turbidity
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 25
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | ProCat #1
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 25
• Trafficability• Sinkage• Slippage• Bearing Capacity• Turbidity
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 26
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | ProCat #1
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 26
• Trafficability• Sinkage• Slippage• Bearing Capacity• Turbidity
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 27
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | GSRNOD17
A-Frame for boxcores, MUC, CTD, Apollo, DSM Buoys
Outboard platform
Umbilical winch
Crane for Patania deployment
Control Unit
0.1m/s to 0.5 m/s @ 4,500m
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 28
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | ProCat #1
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 28
CFD simulations: Laboratory test:
• Optimizing collector head geometry• Optimization control parameters (speed vs. efficiency)• Define final design(s) to be tested in laboratory
WatLab (Borgerhout)• Wave flume L70m• 10 weeks testing• Artificial sediment• Artificial nodules• Q2 2017
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 29
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | ProCat #1
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 52DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 29
• Pick-up efficiency• Speed• Visor height • Jet location• Waste
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 30DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 30
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Project Development
Responsible Deep Sea Mining Geological considerations
Technological considerations
Environmental considerations
Economic considerations
Regulatory considerations
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 31
Environment | Four impacts
Removal of hard substrate
The abyssal fauna with a high biodiversity but low biomass – of which a minority is connected to the nodules – will be removed after harvesting operations.
Noise & Light
Following industrial activity, there will be additional acoustic, light and electro-magnetic emissions that needs to be monitored & controlled.
Turbidity
(1) Resulting from the harvesting operation
(2) Resulting from the vertical transport
(3) Resulting from the [filtered] tailings return water
Engineering & Adaptive
ManagementSpatial Planning Engineering
Carbon Footprint
Following industrial activity, there will be GHG emissions. The global warming potential of the entire cradle-to-cradle life cycle of polymetallic nodules harvesting activity needs to be minimal.
Engineering
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 31
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 32
Environment | Biodiversity, Connectivity, Habitat & Eco-system Function
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 32
Oceanic Taxa | Census of Marine Life (2010) [Biodiversity]
Spatial variability & connectivity of species [Habitat Mapping]
Ecosystem processes
Ecosystem function
Ecosystem service
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 33DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 33
Environment | Biodiversity, Habitat, Connectivity & Eco-system Function
Tanaidacea sp.
Mysida sp.
Acari sp. Calanoida sp.
Amphipoda sp.
Isopoda sp.
Ostracoda sp.
COI(also 16S) Polychaeta
Ophiuroidea sp.
Polychaeta sp.
Neighbour-joining tree with sequences from Janssen et al. (2015)
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 34
Environmental Impact | Biomass in CCZ
Bacteria, not Macrofauna, are the key players in the short-term degradation of Phytodetritus in Abyssal CCZ sediments(Results from the AB01 Cruise), Sweetma, A.K., Smith, C.R., Maillot, B. Schulse.C, Church, M.J., Gooday, A.J.,Moodley, L.
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 34
Biomass
Macrofauna Meiofauna Microbes
87%
2%
11%
Megafauna is less than 1%
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 35DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 35
Environment | ISA Taxonomy Workshop 2015
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 36
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Deep Sea Mooring Buoys
Ecoplume offers a big-data, modelling-based approach to forecast and hindcast actual turbidity generated by dredging activities on site.
2017
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 37
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | MIT & UCSD
PROJECT DATA PLUMEXDewatering Plume ExperimentPartners: MIT, Scripps Institution of OceanographyROV and AUV Included
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 38DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 38
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Objectives of GSRNOD19
JPI-O MiningImpact 2 project – Environmental challengesEvaluation of the environmental impacts of the PPV, in order to:
• Reduce existing knowledge gaps and uncertainties about environmental impacts of Deep Sea polymetallic nodules mining;
• Gather data about operational impacts; • design of fit-for-purpose monitoring programs, and industry-led standard development• Develop a precautionary approach for an environmentally acceptable, socially
responsible and economically viable, integrated potential future mining plan
ProCat Project – Technical challengesIn situ validation, in the operational environment of the CCFZ, of
• The design of a pre-prototype vehicle (PPV), integrating driving andcollection mechanisms;
• The maneuverability of the PPV;• The reliability and the robustness of the technology;• The nodule pick-up efficiency of the hydraulic head
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 39
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Environmental Impact
PROJECT DATA JPIO IIJPIO II: Proposal for SONNE Ship Time
Impact test of GSR 2019 PRE-PROTOTYPEInternational collaboration
+ 100 people involvedIndependent validation
R/V Sonne (2014)
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 40DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 40
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Environmental understanding
(1) Biodiversity, connectivity, resilience:
Prior and after
(2) Fate and toxicity of the plume: Monitoring in space and
time
(3) Biogeochemistry and ecosystem functioning:
Prior and after
Boxcore
Multicore
Deep seaMoorings
AUV Water samplers
ROV SyPRID
Landers
Pushcores
Benthicchamber
CUBE
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 41
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Prior EIS
Environmental Impact Statement 1. Introduction2. Policy, legal and administrative context3. Project description4. Description of the existing environment5. Assessment of impacts and proposed mitigation6. Accidental events and natural hazards7. Environmental management, monitoring and
reporting8. Abbreviations9. Study team10.Expert review11.References
Ref: Following ISBA/23/LTC/CRP.3*
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 42DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 42
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Project Development
Responsible Deep Sea Mining Geological considerations
Technological considerations
Environmental considerations
Economic considerations
Regulatory considerations
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 43
0
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1,200
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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
[USD
x to
nne^
-1]
Polymetallic Nodules Moving Averages [Deflated]
1y-avg 5y-M_avg 10y-M_avg Linear (1y-avg)
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 43
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Commodity Prices
CAGR = 0.994%[Due to scarcity]
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 44DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 44
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Operating cost curves
0
200
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1200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
c/lb
Pai
d N
i
Cum Ni ktMudd, G. M. Global trends and environmental issues in nickel mining: Sulfides versus laterites. Ore Geology Reviews 38, 9–26 (2010).
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 45DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 45
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Project Development
Responsible Deep Sea Mining Geological considerations
Technological considerations
Environmental considerations
Economic considerations
Regulatory considerations
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 46DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 46
Project development | Regulations
2002-2007 2017
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 47
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | Public participation
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 47
Applicant submits Environmental Scoping Report ESR: comment by Interested Persons 60 days
Commission considers ESR (+ may recommend modification)
Applicant may revise and conducts EIA based on ESR
DR18.1 DR18.2
DR18.3/4
DR18.5/6 & 19
DR4.3
DR20.2
DR20.3
DR22.1 and 29
DR22.2 DR22.8.c
DR21
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 48
Activity 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028
Initiation [Concessions, Technology evaluation, Legislation]
Exploration [Environmental baseline, Resource Definition, Engineering, Continuous monitoring]
Technology De-Risking [Component test, Prototype test collector, Processing]
System Integration Tests [Collector Vehicle, Riser & pump System, Processing batch, Transshipment]
Construction of Harvesting Fleet
Production Ramp-Up
Full Scale Harvesting
Project Development | Schedule
Scoping Study
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 48
ProCat JPIO II
MIT-UCSD
Int. & Nat. Reg. Dev.
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 49
How can the world meet an increasing metal demand, in the most
environmentally responsible manner?
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 49
www.deme-group.com/gsr
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 50DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information 50
DEME | Solutions for global challenges 51
Responsible Deep Sea Mining | References
DEME | Solutions for global challenges | GSR Proprietary Information – Commercial in Confidence Treatment Requested 51
1. MacLean, H. L. et al. Stocks, Flows, and Prospects of Mineral Resources. in Linkages of Sustainability (eds. Graedel, T. E.
& van der Voet, E.) 199–218 (The MIT Press, 2009).
2. Norgate, T. E. Deteriorating Ore Resources. in Linkages of Sustainability (eds. Graedel, T. E. & van der Voet, E.) 130–148
(The MIT Press, 2009). doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262013581.003.0008
3. Mudd, G. M. Global trends and environmental issues in nickel mining: Sulfides versus laterites. Ore Geology Reviews 38,
9–26 (2010).
4. Graedel, T. E. et al. What Do We Know About Metal Recycling Rates? Journal of Industrial Ecology 15, 355–366 (2011).
5. Vidal, O., Goffé, B. & Arndt, N. Metals for a low-carbon society. Nature Geosci 6, 894–896 (2013).
6. Graedel, T. E., Harper, E. M., Nassar, N. T. & Reck, B. K. On the materials basis of modern society. PNAS 112, 6295–6300
(2015).
7. Ali, S. H. et al. Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance. Nature 543, 367–372 (2017).
8. The World Bank. The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future. 112 (The World Bank, 2017).
9. Bazilian, M. D. The mineral foundation of the energy transition. The Extractive Industries and Society 5, 93–97 (2018).
10. Tilton, J. E. et al. Public policy and future mineral supplies. Resources Policy (2018). doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.01.006
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