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Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Resources allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable
performancePascual J.J., Cervera C., Baselga M.Institute for Animal Science and Technology
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Rabbit health“main handicap of the current rabbit farming”
New challenge(as ERE)
Young rabbitsgut health
weaning dietsadditives...
Rabbit female ??current breeding systems
nutrient partitioningimpact on health
“Global health and welfare of the farm”
Litter effect on digestive troubles
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Acc
umm
ulat
ive
mo
rtal
ity in
fatt
enin
g (%
)
Acummulative females (%)
22% of females responsible for 50% of the mortality
Quevedo et al., 2003
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
1996-1997 2011--2012
7
9
10
11
8
199 -199 -
7
9
10
11
8
Genetic selection programmes
Changes in nutrient partitioning ? lifespan and farm health compromised ?
NBA
NBA
NW
NW
“Selection for litter size”
female
requirements
“Selection for growth rate”
New reproductive management
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Nutrient partitioningAvailable resources
Growth Gestation Milking Health
Food Body reserves
“Changes in the proportions
addressed to each of them
with the physiological state
and age”
Relative priorities of the female change (GARUNS: Martin and Sauvant, 2010) “Resources
allocation and
body condition
seems to be
genetically
driven”
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Independence resources-mobilisationPrimiparous low body size limited intake
Litter size standardised
150
200
250
300
350
400
3200 3500 3800 4100 4400
Inta
ke f
irst
lact
atio
n (g
DM
/d)
Body weight of primiparous does (g)
Punctualnegativebalances
malfunctioning
of animal
=
natural adaptation
ensure evolutionary
successPost‐natal investment
No. pregnancies
Rabbits:Success ofselection forlitter size
“How rearing, feeding and selection is
affecting nutrient partitioning, and so
reproduction and lifespan?”
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Input
Body condition Reproduction
Survival
Next offspring
Current offspring
5
5,5
6
6,5
7
-32 -24 -16 -8 0 8 16 24
days respect to partum
Perire
nal f
at thi
ckne
ss (
mm
)
“Enough evidence of a genetic component driving body fatness”
Body condition evolution:
Maximum aprox. 10 d before kindling
Minimum around kindling
Recovery after parturitionResults in vivo (PFT, TOBEC and BIAS)
“This course
of the body
reserves is
slightly
different from
other species”
Body condition and reproduction
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Evolutionary success of rabbits, “the number”:
Fertile acceptance at postpartum
Early lactation recovery: feed slope > milk slope
Relevance of body condition around kindling:
Quevedo et al., 2006b:Pre-partum losses
Post-partum recovery
Post-partum fertility
r = + 0.29 ***
Females that were not effectively AI at 11 d
PFT losses in late pregnancy,
PFT at partum and recovery in early lactation
Savietto, 2012
Feed intake
Milk yield
Perirenal fat thickness (mm)
Effectively mated
No effectively mated
Body condition and reproduction
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
5
5,5
6
6,5
7
-32 -24 -16 -8 0 8 16 24
days respect to partum
Perire
nal f
at th
ickn
ess
(mm
)
TOBEC BIAS PFTNegative balance during lactation??
Primiparous, sometimes !!
Multiparous, no relevant !!
Lactation-gestation concurrence:
- lower milk and recovery
- but less recovery time
Main risk of imbalance in late pregnancy!!
weaning to kindling
Relative risk of culling
7.16a
2.44b
lactation empty
1.00b
Theilgaard et al. (2006)
130 farms
303,250 females
“To take care with programmes which would
not allow an adequate recovery before partum”
Body condition and reproduction
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
“How is genetic selection affecting resources allocation?”
Genetic selection in livestock: Productive level
Negative associated effects: + fertility
+ incidence of metabolic diseases
+ viability of the offspring
30870 kg in 365 d (85 kg/d)Rabbit does: + 125% replacement
+ health problems (mainly digestive)
Selection for growth rate (GR)
GR: Feed intake and FCR
Tendency to excessive fatness
Lifespan (Theilgaard et al., 2006)
Fertility and litter size (Castellini et al., 2006)
Abnormal spermatozoa (Du Plessis et al., 2010)
More research is needed
Genetic selection and resource allocation
1
Selectionlitter size
2 3 4Lactation week
Selectiongrowth
rate
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
♀ line V x ♂ line A15th gener. 16th gener.
♀ H1
♀ line V x ♂ line A26th gener. 31st gener.
♀ H2
Quevedo et al., 2006
Mant
Growth
Rep
Growth
Rep
MantRep+
Rep
Crec
MantMant
Crec
Rep
Mant
Growth
Rep
Survival??
0-21 d
117b
21-28 d
112112
DM
inta
ke
113a
Lactation day0 7 14 21 28
H2
H1
Dai
lym
ilkyi
eld
(g)
H1
PFT at 10th day (mm)
9.13a
9.25b
H2
“Selection for litter size at weaning has increased female capacity to obtain resources”
Selection for litter sizeAntagonism reproduction - survival
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
No-restricted environment: 11.6 MJ DE/kg DM
DE intake Milk yield
Litter size Litter survival
partum0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
Rel
ativ
ere
prod
uctiv
epr
iorit
y
Friggens, 2003
In no-restricted conditions selection for litter size:
+ pre-partum effort (litter size)+ post-partum milk (litter survival)
Selection for litter size at weaning:Changes in nutrient partitioning addressed to ensure
its evolutionary success
“n”
Litter growth
a
b
0,80
0,90
1,00
1,10
1,20
1,30
1,40
1,50
1,60
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77
b
a
70
95
120
145
170
195
220
245
270
-7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77
a
ab
b
400
900
1400
1900
2400
2900
3400
3900
4400
-7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
Selection for litter size
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
DE intake change Milk yield change Body energy change
When resources are limited selection for litter size:
+ Intake + Body energy+ Milk yield + Litter size
Priority for Priority forcurrent litter next litter
8.5a
10.1b
Selection for litter size seems to increase the environmental sensitivity of the animals
.
Perhaps no a weakness !!
Strategy to ensure its evolutionary success ??
In a restricted environment: 9.1 MJ DE/kg DM
**
*
*
*
*
*
-0,40
-0,30
-0,20
-0,10
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77
**
*
*
* * *-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
*
*
*
*
***
-5,00
-4,00
-3,00
-2,00
-1,00
0,00
1,00
-7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91
Selection for litter size
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
♀ line VSelected for litter size at weaning during
31 generations
♀ line LPFounded using animals with at least 25
parities and 8.5 kits weaned
Theilgaard et al., 2007
vs.
Selection for reproductive longevity:
No relevant reduction of reproduction
Delay of senescence??
Greater soma: higher plasticity under high productive conditions.
Use of body reserves to maintain reproduction under challenge conditions?
8
8,5
9
9,5
10
10,5
11
11,5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LP
V
No. born alive Body weight (kg)
Selection for longevity
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
DE intake Milk yield Body energy
When the resources are limited, foundation for reproductive longevity:
First lactation:+ Quick adaptation to DE level+ Lower reduction: Milk yield
Body energyBorn alive at 2nd partum
+0.26
0.72
Effect of restriction in No. born alive
0.53
2.55*
2nd partum 3rd partum
Second lactation:+ Both lines adapted to DE level+ Clear symptoms of exhaustion in V36
Body energy Born alive at 3rd partum
In a restricted environment: 9.1 MJ DE/kg DM
*
*
*
*
**
-0,40
-0,30
-0,20
-0,10
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77
*
*
* **
*
* * *-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70
**
-3,50
-3,00
-2,50
-2,00
-1,50
-1,00
-0,50
0,00
0,50
1,00
-7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91
Selection for longevity
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Intake Reserves
Total born Born alive
“Robust females: less sensible to environment”
“Stable production in long term without boast”
1,15
1,20
1,25
1,30
1,35
N R
28,5
29,0
29,5
30,0
30,5
31,0
N R
9,0
9,5
10,0
10,5
11,0
11,5
N R
8,2
8,7
9,2
9,7
10,2
N R
Robust femaleUnder
challenge conditions
More resources
Maintains body
reserves
Guaranty for
reproduc‐tion
Maintains litter size
Reduced risk of culling
Higher longevity
Robustness
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
LP V16 V36
Total lymphocytes (106/L) 2816b 2969b 2467a
B Lymphocytes (106/L) 131ab 167b 107ab
CD25+ (106/L) 52b 40b 31b
Normal conditions (14-20ºC) (Ferrian et al., 2012a)
Heat stress conditions (25-36ºC)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4 dpp 10 dpp partum 2
Total lymphocytes
Immunological challenge with LPS (Ferrian et al., 2012b)
Cumulative mortality rate
C-reactive protein
Haptoglobin
Could be improved the general health
conditions of the farm using animals with a higher robutsness?
Robustness – Immune response
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
LSB Rob GR
Daily weight gain (g/d) 35,4a 35,5a 45,8b
Mortality (%) 19,0b 9,5a 16,5b
Morbidity (%) 6,6b 3,9b 9,9b
Genetic selection- Growing period (Arnau et al., 2013)
Mortality %
Robustness – Immune response
14,6
27,6
3,6
20,5
8,5
36,5
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
Medicated feed No medicated feed
LSB Rob GR
Lymphocytes counts at weaning (García-Quirós et al., 2013)
GR
LSB
Further efforts about the possible effect of
genetic type on young rabbits health is
needed !!Rob
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Conclusions1. Resources allocation (partitioning of available resources into vital functions)
are genetically driven, and they are mainly addressed to allow expression of
the traits selected in rabbit females.
2. When environment ensure enough resources, selection can improve
economic traits without penalties.
3. But when it becomes limiting, preferential allocation of resources in ‘selected’
traits (growth, reproduction…), can reduce the ability of animals to respond
to other demands (such as coping with disease, stress…).
4. Main works show that genetic selection in rabbit by litter size at weaning has
increased prolificacy but also the ability to obtain resources, without
compromising the survival of rabbit females when resources are ensured.
5. However, farms are frequently subjected to punctual challenges (feed quality,
heat stress, pathogens…). Under these conditions, particular nutrient
partitioning of females characterised by a higher robustness could be
recommended to maintain an adequate productive level in long-term.
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
Grazie millejupascu@dca.upv.es
Resource allocation in reproductive rabbit does: genetic strategies for a suitable performance
J.J. Pascual, C. Cervera, M. Baselga Giornate di Coniglicoltura ASIC Forlì (Italy), 10-11 April 2013
HealthWelfareLifespanFemale survival
Short-term productionFeed intakeMilk yield
Reproductive efficacyFertility
Prolificacy
Bodyconditionof rabbitfemale
Bodyconditionof rabbitfemale
HealthWelfare
Litter development
Suitable feeding and breeding programmes
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