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Reserve Components - Total Force
U.S. Army Civil Affairs
U.S. Army Civil Affairs Corps
William R. Berkman
2004 / 2005
2
William R. BerkmanMajor General (Retired)
Army of the United States
Chief, Army Reserve, DA 1979-1986
Military Executive, Reserve Forces Policy Board, OSD 1987-1992
President EmeritusThe Civil Affairs Association
Honorary Chief of Civil Affairs, U.S. Army Civil Affairs Corps (ARS)
3
MILITARY PERSONNEL
• Active
• Reserve Components (Selected Reserve Units)
• Individual Ready Reserve
4
ACTIVE COMPONENTS BY SERVICE(Thousands)
Army 480
Navy 376
Marine Corps 175
Air Force 359
TOTAL: 1,500 (approx.)
5
SELECTED RESERVE BY SERVICE(Thousands)
Army National Guard 350 (29%)
Army Reserve 206 (17%)
Naval Reserve 87 (16%)
Marine Reserve 40 (15%)
Air National Guard 106 (18%)
Air Force Reserve 72 (12%)
TOTAL: 870
6
INDIVIDUAL READY RESERVE (IRR)
Consists of vast majority of enlisted members who
after completing active or selected reserve enlistment
period have a remaining service obligation of 4 years in
the IRR (without a training obligation).
The IRR represents a manpower pool of previously
trained individuals available for recall to active service if
needed.
THE TOTAL FORCE POLICY
8
“An integral part of the central purpose of this
Department – to build and maintain the necessary forces to
deter war and to defend our country – is the Total Force
Policy as it pertains to the Guard and Reserve.”
Total Force Policy – 1
Memorandum from Secretary of Defenseto Secretaries of the Military Departments, Chairman,
Joint Chiefs of Staff et al, August 23, 1973
SUBJECT: “READINESS OF THE SELECTED RESERVE”
9Total Force Policy – 2
“It must be clearly understood that implicit in the Total Force
Policy… is the fact that the Guard and Reserve forces will be used as
the initial and primary augmentation of the Active Forces.”
“Total Force is no longer a ‘concept.’ It is now the Total Force
Policy which integrates the Active, Guard and Reserve Forces into a
homogeneous whole.”
J.R. Schlesinger
10
Department of Defense Policy and Guidance: “The Guard and Reserve in the Total Force”
September 1975
“The ‘Total Force’ includes all the resources available to
perform the various national defense missions. It includes U.S.
active and reserve (National Guard and Reserve) component
forces, civilians, and – in planning for contingency operations –
appropriate forces of our allies.”
“Total Force planning is not new for the United States;
planning to make the reserve components a useful part of the
Total Force is as old as the Republic.”
Total Force Policy – 3
11
“The Total Force Policy has had significant
success in recent years in shaping American military
forces. Further progress in the area of the reserves will
continue to require that:”
“We recognize that the needs of deterrence, peacetime
presence, and immediate response demand that major
portions of the Force be active.”
Total Force Policy – 4
12
“We identify essential missions within the
capabilities of the reserves and within the constraints of
the Secretary of Defense planning guidance.”
“We assign these missions to the Reserves, and
demand good performance. If there is doubt about the
Reserves’ capability to perform a mission, that capability
should be tested before the mission is assigned.”
Total Force Policy – 5
13
“We continue to provide the reserves with modern
equipment, and achieve a reasonable balance between the
reserve structure and its equipment so that no forces are
maintained for which there is no useful equipment, and no
equipment is maintained for which there are no useful forces.”
“We place greater responsibility on the active forces
for improving training of the reserves.”
Total Force Policy – 6
14
“We integrate the planning and management of
active and reserve component forces into a coherent
whole.”
“The Total Force Policy was supported in the FY 76-
80 five-year Defense program, on which the Defense portion
of the FY 76 President’s budget is based. The FY 77-81
Total Force program guidance of the Secretary of Defense
will assure further progress toward the Total Force goal.”
Total Force Policy – 7
15
Army National Guard and Army Reserve units
provide essential combat, combat support, and combat
service support to the Army.
The mission of the Army Guard and Reserve is to
provide trained individuals and units that are trained and
ready to mobilize and deploy rapidly to assist the Army in
projecting land force power.
Army National Guard and Army Reserve
Source: Reserve Component Programs 2001Reserve Forces Policy Board, OSD
16
Army National Guard Army Reserve Combined %
Unit Type Number Units Number Units of Total Army
Divisions 0 7 100
Chemical Brigades 0 3 100
Water Supply Battalions 5 2 100
Enemy Prisoner of War Brigades 0 1 100
Judge Advocate General Units 0 18 100
Public Affairs Units 28 29 82
Exercise Divisions 0 5 100
Enhanced Separate Brigades 14 0 100
Civil Affairs Units 0 36 97
Petroleum Support Battalions 20 12 92
Medical Brigades 0 6 85
Chemical Battalions 1 8 75
Transportation Composite Groups 1 4 80
Motor Battalions 2 12 78
Maintenance Battalions 13 5 71
Engineer Battalions (Combat Heavy) 19 14 73
Psychological Operations Units 0 31 81
Contributions to the ArmyArmy National Guard and Army Reserve
17
Hospitals 0 31 77
Medical Groups 0 8 73
Engineer Battalions (Combat) 46 25 70
Petroleum Groups 0 1 50
Corps Support Groups 4 10 75
Field Artillery Battalions 100 0 58
Air Defense Battalions 19 0 48
Terminal Battalions 0 4 50
Military Police Battalions 12 19 66
Military Police Brigades 2 2 43
Medium Helicopter Battalions 3 1 66
Infantry Divisions 4 0 80
Corps Support Commands 1 1 50
Light Infantry Divisions 1 0 20
Area Support Groups 8 21 44
Attack Helicopter Battalions 13 2 45
Aviation Brigades 9 1 24
Contributions to the ArmyArmy National Guard and Army Reserve
Army National Guard Army Reserve Combined %
Unit Type Number Units Number Units of Total Army
18
Special Forces Groups 2 0 29
Ordinance Battalions 2 2 29
Armor Divisions 1 0 33
Theater Signal Commands 0 2 66
Signal Battalions 26 5 36
Army Signal Brigades 3 1 20
Infantry Divisions (Mech) 4 0 40
Military Intelligence Battalions 16 5 39
Armored Cavalry Regiments 1 0 33
Air Defense Brigades 1 0 25
Engineer Battalions (Topographical) 1 0 25
Training Brigades 0 2 25
Theatre Army Area Commands 0 2 25
Air Traffic Battalions 2 0 40
Field Artillery Brigades 17 0 94
Infantry Scout Group 1 0 100
Aviation Groups 5 0 71
Air Traffic Groups 2 0 50
Contributions to the ArmyArmy National Guard and Army Reserve
Army National Guard Army Reserve Combined %
Unit Type Number Units Number Units of Total Army
19
Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve
Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve collectively
are referred to as the Air Reserve Component.
Their units perform a broad range of combat and combat
support missions, including air defense of the continental
United States, counter-air, interdiction, close air support,
strategic and tactical airlift, aerial refueling, space operations,
force protection, aero-medical evacuation, aerospace rescue
and recovery, and special operations.
20
The roles and missions of the Air Reserve Component
mirror those of the active Air Force, so its members are readily
available to augment or supplement the active Air Force when
needed.
Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve
21
Weather Reconnaissance 0 10 100
Aerial Spraying 0 4 100
Fighter Interceptor Force 60 0 100
Tactical Airlift 218 104 64
Air Rescue/Recovery 25 29 57
Aerial Refueling/Strategic Tankers 204 64 55
Tactical Air Support 18 33 38
Tactical Fighters 477 72 30
Strategic Airlift 28 68 27
Special Operations 5 12 17
Support Aircraft 6 0 4.5
Bombers 18 8 21
Polar Ski Aircraft 10 0 100
Formal Training Unit Fighters 107 0 100
Contributions to the Air ForceAir Force National Guard and Air Force Reserve
AIR NATIONAL AIR FORCE COMBINED % FLYING UNIT GUARD RESERVE TOTAL AIR FORCEAIRCRAFT
22
Aeromedical Evacuation 1,293 1,705 83
Strategic Airlift (Associate) 0 2,075 44
Tanker/Cargo (Associate) 0 474 52
Aeromedical Airlift (Associate) 0 36 44
AWACS 0 144 8
Contributions to the Air ForceAir Force National Guard and Air Force Reserve
AIRCREWS
AIR NATIONAL AIR FORCE COMBINED % FLYING UNIT GUARD RESERVE TOTAL AIR FORCE
23
Space 1 4 5
Engineering Installation 19 0 68
Aerial Port 27 42 82
Combat Communications 45 3 77
Aircraft Control & Warning 2 0 100
Tactical Control 19 0 68
Air Traffic Control 10 0 62
Combat Logistics Support Squadrons 0 6 62
Civil Engineering 97 43 46
Weather 33 0 46
Strategic Airlift Maintenance (Associate) 0 7 48
Security Forces 85 35 35
Medical 89 40 22
Communications Flights 88 35 22
Intelligence 4 2 4
AIR NATIONAL AIR FORCE COMBINED % OFNON - FLYING UNITS GUARD RESERVE TOTAL AIR FORCE
Contributions to the Air ForceAir Force National Guard and Air Force Reserve
24
Naval Reserve
The Naval Reserve augments active duty Navy units
by providing support to the fleet in day-to-day operations,
while simultaneously promoting a flexible crisis-response
capability.
The Naval Reserve is integrated into all aspects of
naval operations to enhance the Navy’s ability to respond to
both peacetime contingencies and major wars.
25
Contributions to the NavyNaval Reserve
Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Units 22 100
Logistics Support Squadrons 10 100
Naval Embarked Advisory Teams (NEAT) 7 100
Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Groups 2 100
Fighter Composite Squadrons (U.S. Based) 2 100
Heavy Logistics Support (C-130) 4 100
Mine Countermeasure Support Ship 1 100
Expeditionary Support Force 14 93
Airborne Mine Countermeasures Helicopters 14 52
Mobile Construction Battalions 12 60
Intelligence Program 103 48
Mobile Diving & Salvage Units 14 60
NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS NAVY
26
Special Boat Units 1 33
Fleet Hospitals 4 40
Fast Frigates (FFG-7s) 10 27
LAMPS MK-1 Anti-Submarine Warfare Squadrons 2 13
Naval Special Warfare Units 16 38
Mobile Mine Assembly Groups (MOMAG) 11 50
Explosive Ordinance Disposal Units 4 33
Carrier Air Wings 1 9
Maritime Patrol Squadrons 8 35
Helicopter Warfare Support Squadrons 2 100
Landing Ship, Tank (LST 1179) 2 100
Contributions to the NavyNaval Reserve
NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS NAVY
27
Marine Corps Reserve
The mission of the Marine Corps Reserve is to augment
and reinforce the United States Marine Corps Active
Component by providing qualified units and individuals in time
of war or other national emergency.
In its augmentation role, the Marine Corps Reserve
provides trained and equipped units, detachments, or
individuals to the active force to bring force structure to the
required level.
In its reinforcement role, the Marine Corps Reserve
provides assets for additional depth, as combat replacements,
and to expand combat structure in the active force.
28
Contributions to the Marine CorpsMarine Corps Reserve
NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS MARINE CORPS
COMMAND ELEMENT
Civil Affairs Groups 2 100
Air-Naval Gunfire Liaison Companies 2 100
Force Reconnaissance Companies 2 40
Communications Battalions 1 25
GROUND COMBAT ELEMENT
Marine Divisions 1 25
Headquarters Battalions 1 25
Tank Battalions 2 50
Artillery Battalions 5 33
Reconnaissance Battalions 1 33
Combat Engineer Battalions 1 25
Infantry Battalions 9 27
Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions 1 25
Assault Amphibian Battalions 1 20
29
Contributions to the Marine CorpsMarine Corps Reserve
NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS MARINE CORP
COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT ELEMENT
Force Service Support Groups 1 25
Engineer Support Battalions 1 25
Transportation Support Battalions 1 25
Headquarters and Service Battalions 1 25
Maintenance Battalions 1 25
Supply Battalions 1 25
Medical Battalions 1 25
Dental Battalions 1 25
30
Contributions to the Marine CorpsMarine Corps Reserve
NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS MARINE CORP
AVIATION COMBAT ELEMENT
Marine Aircraft Wings 1 25
Marine Aircraft Groups 4 28
Adversary Squadrons 1 100
Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadrons 2 25
Marine Fighter/Attack Squadrons 4 33
Marine Medium Helicopter Squadrons 2 10
Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadrons 2 14
Marine Aviation Logistics Squadrons 4 28
Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadrons 2 40
Marine Air Control Groups 1 25
31
Contributions to the Marine CorpsMarine Corps Reserve
NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS MARINE CORP
AVIATION COMBAT ELEMENT
Marine Wing Communications 1 14
Marine Air Support Squadrons 1 25
Marine Tactical Air Control Squadrons 1 25
Low Altitude Air Defense Battalions 1 33
MACS TAOC Detachments 2 40
MWCS Airfield Detachments 1 17
Marine Wing Support Groups 1 25
Marine Wing Support Squadrons 4 28
TOTAL ARMY ANALYSIS
33
The Total Army Analysis consists of both qualitative and
quantitative analysis to generate tactical support forces and
general purpose forces necessary to sustain and support the
divisional and nondivisional combat forces.
The product of the Total Army Analysis processes is the
approved force structure for the Total Army which has been divided
for resource management purposes into components:
the Active Army (COMPO 1),
the Army National Guard (COMPO 2),
the United States Army Reserve (COMPO 3), and
Unresourced Units (COMPO 4).
34
COMPO 4 units, mostly Combat Service Support (CSS)
units, are part of the Army’s required force structure, but are
deliberately unresourced so that available resources can be
applied to higher priority peacetime force structure
initiatives and other Army programs.
35
Infantry, Mechanized, Armor, Airborne, Air Assault
Armored CAV, Separate Infantry, Armor, Artillery, Engineers, Pathfinders, Special Forces
Aviation, Ammunition, Chemical, Civil Affairs, Combat Electronics, Intelligence, Composite Service, Engineers, Finance, Judge Advocate, Logistics, Medical, Military Police, Petroleum, Psychological Operations, Signal and Transportation
Theater Defense Brigades, Engineer and Support to Other Services
Training Divisions and Brigades, Hospitals, Dental, Intelligence, Military Police, Schools, Reception Stations, Garrisons, Maneuver Area and Training Commands, Transportation, Selective Service and Army Reserve Commands
28 COMBAT DIVISIONS
NON-DIVISIONAL COMBAT UNITS*
TACTIAL SUPPORT INCREMENT
SPECIAL THEATER FORCES
GENERAL SUPPORT
Total Army Wartime Structure Total Army Increments
* As of 2001: 10 Active Army Divisions, 8 Army National Guard Divisions
36
434,700
NON-DIVCOMBAT
TACTIAL SUPPORT
SPECIAL THEATER
GENERAL SUPPORT
COMBAT DIVISIONS
249,200
387,300
85,600
349,600
Roundout
39 1
Percent of Structure
NG USAR
56 13
26 39
18 21
10 23
ACTIVE ARNG USAR UNMANNED
Total Army Wartime Structure Component Contributions
February 85
37
38
Government Performance and Results Act of 1993
This QDR Report serves as the overall strategic
planning document of the Department, as required by Public
Law 103-62. Section III, “Defense Strategy,” gives the
Department’s comprehensive mission statement. General
goals are covered in Section II, under “U.S. Interests and
Objectives.”
39
Government Performance and Results Act of 1993
The Department’s general policy objectives are to
(1) Assure allies and friends,
(2) Dissuade future military competition,
(3) Deter threats and coercion against U.S. interests, and
(4) If deterrence fails, decisively defeat any adversary.
These goals are also discussed in Section II.
40
Government Performance and Results Act of 1993
The Department’s risk framework of mitigating
(1) Force Management Risk,
(2) Operational Risks,
(3) Future Challenges Risk, and
(4) Institutional Risks,
are described in Section VII, along with a variety of management
initiatives for these areas.
These risk areas will form the basis for the Department’s
annual performance goals under the Government Performance
and Results Act.
41
100%
97%
89%
98%
TRAINING DIVISIONS / BDE(238 UNITS)
CIVIL AFFAIRS(37 UNITS)
PSYCHOLOGICAL OPNS(38 UNITS)
JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL(120 UNITS)
ACTIVE ARNG USAR
UNIQUE ARMY CAPABILITIES
February 85
42
U.S. Army Civil AffairsA Relevant and Responsive Force
October 21, 2003
The unique capabilities of Civil Affairs units and
soldiers are critically important to the present and potential
worldwide missions of our Armed Forces.
These capabilities cross the full spectrum of joint
military operations from humanitarian assistance through
peace operations, up to and into the highest intensity
conflict, post conflict termination and return to peace.
43
More than 95% of authorized Army Civil Affairs positions are
provided by the U.S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs units that vary in size,
organization and capability. They consist of commands, brigades,
battalions and companies.
They are composed of soldiers who are specialists in Civil Affairs
functions that include: public administration, public education, public
safety, international and domestic law, food and agriculture, economic
development, civilian supply, public transportation, public works and
utilities, public communications, emergency services, environmental
management, cultural relations, civil information and dislocated civilians.
44
The functional qualifications of soldiers in Army Reserve Civil
Affairs units are based primarily on their civilian education, training,
professions, vocations, experience, and backgrounds. Civil Affairs
is one of the core competencies of the Army Reserve. It is neither
feasible nor practical to train or maintain this kind of functional
expertise in the Active Army.
The Army’s Civil Affairs capabilities and early responsiveness in
both the Active Army and Army Reserve units are being enhanced
by decisions and actions begun in 1999. Of the 37 Army Reserve
units, 21 are battalions. That number is being increased to 25. The
Active Army battalion is also being increased.
45
Individual MobilizationAugmentees
Grand Totalwith Units
National Guard and Reserve Units Called to Active Duty(July 21, 2004)
Military Service
AIR FORCE
ARMY
COAST GUARD
MARINE CORPS
NAVY
1
1,754
1,542
-
84
11,509
126,856
1,542
10,929
2,763
153,599
46
THE ARMY LOOKS FORWARD
“Serving a Nation at War: A CampaignQuality Army with Joint and Expeditionary
Qualities”
Acting Secretary of the Army and theChief of Staff of the Army Parameters,
Summer 2004
47
• Symmetrical Adversaries
• Cold War
Korea
Location Known (10 Divisions to Europe in 10 days – POMCUS)
• The Cold War Doctrine reflected the strategic environment dominated by a singular adversary and the opposing army in symmetric contrast to our own.
THREAT
• Asymmetrical Adversaries
• Non-state Actors
Networks
Adaptive
Self-organizing on basis of ideas unconstrained by shared values
Little target infrastructure or institutions
POST - 9/11PRE - 9/11
48
ARMY EMPHASIS
49
Soldiers organized, trained and equipped to go anywhere
in the world, at any time, in any environment, against any
adversary to accomplish the assigned mission in short-notice
operations, austere theaters of operations with incomplete
information.
Interdependence of joint service capabilities working
together smoothly – land, air, sea and space.
Changes in reserve component organizations will match
those in the active component. Reserve component forces
are a vital part of the Army’s deployable combat power.
50
The National Guard will continue to provide strategic and
operational depth and flexibility; the Army Reserve will still
reinforce the Army with skill-rich capabilities across the
spectrum of operations.
Adjust the active/reserve mix so that active component
forces can execute the first 30 days of any deployment.
For that purpose, some high-demand, low-density
capabilities currently found only in the reserve components
must be reincorporated in the active force.
51
At the same time, while we will not expect reserve
component units to deploy in the first 30 days, they will
employ forces within hours for security operations within
our homeland.
As with the active forces, the need to build predictability
into reserve component deployments will require increasing
the proportion of high-demand, low-density units in the
reserve components.
52
(Similar related rethinking about training, personnel policies, professional education, leader development doctrine, material logistics and installations.)
“The best way to anticipate the future is to create it. The
Army is moving out, and this is merely the beginning.”
“Our incentive is not change for change’s sake. Our
incentive is effectiveness in this protracted conflict. If
necessary to defeat our adaptive adversaries, the changes
described here are a mere down-payment on changes that
will follow.”
“But our challenge is to measure ourselves not against
others, but against our own potential. It is not enough that
we are changing. The real question is, “Are we changing
enough?”
53
Hon. Les Brownlee Gen. Peter J. SchoomakerActing Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff, United States
Army
“Our brave Soldiers and adaptive leaders constitute the best
Army in the world, but we can be even better. It is inside of us
and it is what the Nation expects.”
“The future as we know it – our lives, the lives of our
families, this country, everything we love and cherish – all
depend on our success in meeting this challenge.”
“Are you wearing your dog tags?”
54
The Soldier's CreedI am an American Soldier.
I am a Warrior and a member of a team.
I serve the people of the United States and live the Army Values.
I will always place the mission first.
I will never accept defeat.
I will never quit.
I will never leave a fallen comrade.
I am disciplined, physically and mentally tough, trained andproficient in my warrior tasks and drills.
I always maintain my arms, my equipment and myself.
I am an expert and I am a professional.
I stand ready to deploy, engage, and destroy the enemies of the United States of America in close combat.
I am a guardian of freedom and the American way of life.
I am an American Soldier.
55
WHEN WE WERE NEEDED, WE WERE THERE
It was a feeling started long ago one bleak and wintry morn,
When the call went out for volunteers in a nation being born.
No sunshine patriot speeches,
No summer soldier songs
For the special men who’d pay the price to keep the country strong.
When we were needed, we were there.
If you want to find out who we are just ask us where we’ve been,
From the frozen fields of Valley Forge to the trail called Ho Chi Minh.
To the glory and the sacrifice we do our job each day.
We’re citizens and soldiers, an Army all the way.
When we were needed, we were there.
No, it wasn’t always easy, it wasn’t always fair
But when freedom called, we answered, we were there.
A R M Y
56
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General Orders
No. 22
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 1 June 1989
The U.S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs Corps is placed under the U.S. Army Regimental System, effective 16 June 1989. The regimental home of the U. S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs Corps is ESTABLISHED AT Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
[DAMH-HSO-U]
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
Official:
MILTON H. HAMILTONAdministrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE U.S. ARMY RESERVE CIVIL AFFAIRSCORPS IN THE U.S. ARMY REGIMENTAL SYSTEM (USARS)
DISTRIBUTION:Active Army, ARNG, USAR: To be distributed in accordance with DA
Form 12-4 requirements for Department of the Army General Orders.
GO 22
CARL E. VUONOGeneral, United States Army
Chief of Staff
59
General Orders
No. 9
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
Washington, DC, 22 September 2004
Effective 16 June 2004, The U.S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs Corps is renamed to The US. Army Civil Affairs Corps. It will remain under the U.S. Army Regimental system. The regimental home of the U.S. Army Civil Affairs Corps is Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
[AOJK-SP]
By order of the Secretary of the Army:
PETER J. SCHOOMAKERGeneral, United States ArmyChief of Staff
Official:
JOEL B. HUDSONAdministrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army
RENAMING OF THE U.S. ARMY RESERVE CIVIL AFFAIRS CORPS
DISTRIBUTION:This publication is available in electronic media only and is intended for the Active Army, the Army national Guard of the United States, and the U.S. Army Reserve
*GO 9
*This General Order supersedes General Order 22, dated 1 June 1989.
60
61
Dedication of the Civil Affairs commemorative stone and its emplacement in the Memorial Plaza of the Headquarters, U.S. Army Special Operations Command “In recognition of all soldiers who serve in Civil Affairs/Military Government assignments… past, present and future.”
Participating, representing sponsors of the stone – The Civil Affairs Association and the Civil Affairs Corps – MG (Ret.) William R. Berkman
62
[Civil Affairs Branch Insignia] CIVIL AFFAIRS
“SECURE THE VICTORY”
In recognition of all soldiers who serve in Civil Affairs/Military Government assignments… past, present and future.
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