research on wind power in the built environment by case van dam
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1
Research on wind
power in the built
environment
C.P. (Case) van Dam,
Bruce White, Scott Johnson,
Daeseong Kim, Henry Shiu, Matt Seitzler,
Rob Kamisky, Charles Turner
Urban Wind Roundtable
San Francisco
March,16 2011
2
Outline
! UC Davis/CWEC overview
! Atmospheric Wind Tunnel
! UC Davis projects
1. San Francisco wind resource study
2. San Francisco building-integrated wind power
3. Rooftop wind turbine demonstration site
4. California wind maps web tool
! Concluding Remarks
! DOE Built-Environment Wind Turbine RD&D Roadmap
Source: Mayda
UC Davis Energy Institute
! Established Fall 2007 as home to major UC Davis energy
research centers and education programs
! Campus-wide & administered through Office of Research
with multi-college support
! Created to focus and bring together campus strengths in
energy research, education, and outreach, and to build new
interdisciplinary programs and capabilities
! Strategic planning for effective energy transformation
! Approximately 150 faculty members across campus
California
Renewable
Energy
Collaborative
California Wind Energy CollaborativeMission Statement:
Support the development of safe,reliable, environmentally sound, andaffordable wind electric generationcapacity within the state of Californiaby managing a focused, statewideprogram of scientific research,technology development &deployment, and technical training. CALIFORNIA
WIND ENERGY
COLLABORATIVE
California
Energy
Commission
Federal, state, and
local government
agencies
Academia
Industry
Public
programs
Government and
industry research
labs
Education
&
Outreach
Engineering
Research
Inter-agency,
Inter-sector
Coordination
! A partnership of the California
Energy Commission and the
University of California
! Established in March 2002
! http://cwec.ucdavis.edu/
! info@cwec.ucdavis.edu
CWEC Research Focus
! Recent projects:
" Conversion Technology
! Blunt trailing edge airfoils (DOE, SNL)
! Rotor analysis (DOE, SNL, TPI,Clipper)
! Rotor passive load control, STAR(DOE, SNL, K&C)
! Rotor active load control (SNL)
! Load limiting algorithm (CEC/EISG,NREL)
" Development
! Wake effects (CEC)
! Forecasting (CEC, EPRI)
! Turbine setback (CEC)
" Grid Integration
! IAP (CEC)
! Ramping, variability of windplants(SMUD)
! Value of wind forecasting (CAISO)
" Operation! Anemometer calibration (CEC, Otech)
! Performance analysis of windplants(SMUD)
CALIFORNIA WIND ENERGY COLLABORATIVE
Coordination Research Training
Blades and Rotors
!Computational design and analysis
!Wind tunnel analysis
!Active and passive load control
!Development of improvements to blade
design and analysis methods
!Design and analysis of alternative
configurations
Emerging Technologies
!Offshore
!Evaluation of emerging technologies
Conversion Technology
!Application of forecasting to day-ahead
and hour-ahead energy markets
!Forecasting of power generation ramps
!Impact of distributed generation on
distribution networks
!Support future integration studies
!Applications and impacts of energy
storage
Grid Integration
Asset Management/Optimization for
Reliability
!Performance analysis and health
monitoring
!Condition monitoring
!Forecasting for maintenance scheduling
and plant/turbine operations
Anemometer Calibration
!Expand wind tunnel calibration
capabilities
!Anemometer sensitivity to complex,
real-world flows: inclined flows,
turbulence, effects of nacelle and
mounting fixtures
Operation
Resource Assessment
!Wind turbine wake effects
!Complex terrain
!Shear / wind patterns at tall heights
!Offshore
!Long range forecasting
!Improve accuracy of wind assessment
in small wind applications
!Wind assessment in urban
environments
Permitting
!Research to support the development
of safe, fair permitting criteria
Development
7
Atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel
at UC Davis
! Tunnel specs
! Open-return type
! Overall length = 21.3 m
! Test section = 2.44m x 1.66m x 1.18m
! Typical model scale = 1:600
8
! AIR QUALITY & PLUME DISPERSION
" LLNL, LLBL & Industrial Safety Studies
" Sports Stadium Analyses (Pac Bell, etc.)
! LARGE SCALE ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES
" Owens (dry) Lake Mitigation Studies
" Martian Dust Storm Analysis (NASA)
! PEDESTRIAN LEVEL WIND STUDIES
" San Francisco, Oakland & L.A. Studies
" Getty Museum Wind Analysis
! WIND ENERGY APPLICATIONS
" Altamont Wind Farm Forecasting Studies
" Turbine Siting in Complex Terrains
" Urban Wind Energy Studies
Source: Mayda
Environmental Fluid Dynamics Lab at UC Davis
9
! Objectives:
" Gain further understanding of wind resource in urban
environments (San Francisco)
! Testing Scheme:
" Pick sites for study
! Taller than surrounding buildings, conventional shape
" Perform wind tunnel tests
! 3-4 predominant wind directions per site
! Take measurements on building for each wind direction
" Obtain full scale winds from wind-tunnel data
" Estimate energy production for various turbines
! Integrate data with turbine power curves
Physical Modeling of San Francisco Wind
Power Resources (1)1
Project
10
! Approach:
" Use ABLWT to simulate
wind flow over cityscapes,
San Francisco, and complex
terrain
" Measures mean wind
speeds and turbulence
intensities near surfaces
" Measurements performed
for each wind direction of
significance
Source: Mayda
Physical Modeling of San Francisco Wind
Power Resources (2)1
Project
11
! Wind Data:
" Anemometer data from old Federal
Building
! H = 40.2m (132 ft) above ground
" Data from 1945 – 1947
! Used because of completeness and
representative of typical San Francisco
wind conditions (White, 2006)
" Average wind speed was 5 m/s (11 mph)
Source: Mayda
Physical Modeling of San Francisco Wind
Power Resources (3)
! Fluid parameters taken into consideration when modeling flow in
wind tunnel (see Appendix)
! Free-stream wind speed in wind tunnel = 3.8 m/s
" Data collected from wind tunnel experiments
! Wind speed ratio (R-value)
! Turbulence intensity value
1
Project
12
! Test Sites:
" 3 existing (The Fox Plaza, Bank
of America, CSAA buildings)
" 2 potential future developments
Source: Mayda
Physical Modeling of San Francisco Wind
Power Resources (4)
Courtesy Environmental Science Associates, 2006
! Measurement Locations:
" Numerous points tested
" Building faces, corners, rooftop
perimeter & profiles at specific
locations above the roof.
1
Project
**Manwell, J. F., J. G. McGowan, A. L. Rogers. Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003.
An example of annual average wind power densities in graphical form for each point is shown
above. The building’s points are shown in four views above. Similarly-styled results were obtained
for all buildings in this study.
Sample of Results – Fox Plaza
• “poor” (white dots): Pannual average/area: less than 100 W/m2
• “good” (green dots): Pannual average/area: between 100-700 W/m2
• “great” (yellow dots): Pannual average/area: greater than 700 W/m2
! Wind-tunnel data used to predict annual average wind power
densities for each measurement location on each building:
1
Project
14
! Wind tunnel tests showed the best place for a turbine is on
or above the roof level.
! However, also showed that each building had its own
specific set of wind characteristics.
" Therefore, testing on a specific site might be necessary
before installing a turbine.
! Conduct more wind tunnel tests:
" If more buildings are tested, might be possible to generalize
wind characteristics of certain types of cityscapes.
! Analyze impact of turbulence levels on turbines
! Compare wind tunnel tests with field anemometers
Source: Mayda
Project Outcomes
Recommendations
1
Project
15
Building Integrated Wind Energy Project2
Project
Full-scale 1:150 scale wind tunnel model
16
Building Integrated Wind Energy Project2
Project
Full-scale 1:150 scale wind tunnel model
17
Building Integrated Wind Energy Project2
Project
18
Building Integrated Wind Energy Project
Wind Tower Detail2
Project
19
! Bergey XL1 on roof of Bainer Hall
! Used as a demonstration site…
" Collecting meteorological data and
performance data
" Undergraduate senior design research
projects (redesign blade set)
" Basis for providing general wind energy
information (group tours, interested
students)
Small Turbine Demonstration Site at UC
Davis3
Project
Roof-Mounted Turbine Power Curve 3
Project
21
! Effort funded by California Energy Commission
! Develop an online wind assessment tool for general public" CEC/PIER funded development of detailed wind maps for California
! Maps provide annual wind power and speed at several heights above theground
! Maps generated by AWS TruePower
! Maps are available in pdf format from CEC website
! Difficult to pinpoint locations and determine wind speed at specified locationand height
! CEC has GIS-based version of wind maps
! Disadvantage of GIS-based wind maps is that specific software(ArcExplorer) is needed to access information
" Develop a web-based version of GIS-based wind maps
! Combine GIS-based wind maps with Google maps
! Allow users to click on or search for a particular location to view wind datainformation
! Able to get wind data as function of height
Source: Mayda
GIS Map Tool Interface 4
Project
! Maps of annual averagewind speed and power havebeen produced for California
! Maps have a grid resolutionof 200 m
! Actual winds at a specific sitefor the turbine can varysignificantly from the map
! Maps are good tools forguiding and estimating butdo not replace Micro-siting
Wind energy density at 50 meters above ground.
California Energy Commission.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/maps/wind.html
4
Project
California Wind Maps
23
Source: Mayda
GIS Map Tool Interface 4
Project
Concluding Remarks! San Francisco is an excellent location to
study wind in the built environment:
" Good wind resource
" Strong support by City
" High electricity rates
" Availability of net metering and CA rebateprograms
" Prominently mentioned in DOE built-environment wind turbine RD&D roadmap
! Effort should include:
" Develop detailed wind map for City
! CFD
! Anemometer measurements
! Wind tunnel
" Benchmark wind turbine test sites
" Web-based data & info site
! Effort should involve:
" Government (SF, CEC, DOE, et al.)
" Industry
" Academia
Danielle Murray
DOE Built-Environment Wind Turbine RD&D Roadmap
! Purpose of roadmap to provide a framework for achieving visionset forth by attendees of Built-Environment Wind TurbineWorkshop (Aug 2010, NWTC/NREL)
! Workshop vision statement:
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