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Research Data Sharing Framework to Enhance Open Science

Hideaki TakedaNational Institute of Informatics

takeda@nii.ac.jpORCID: 0000‐0002‐2909‐7163

Research Data Sharing Symposium, Hitotsubashi‐Hall, February 29, 2015

Why Open Science Now?

Science has been expected to be openbut has not always been open becauseof many reasons. Some are political,and others are ethical, leagal,economical or systematic.

Internet/Web technology changedthe game.But how?

Internet/Web technology gives not only solutions to make Science open technically but also changes the Science itself open. 

Internet/Web changes the society

Law

Norm

Market

Architecture

four modalities of regulation (Lawrence Lessig)

Law

Norm

Market

Architecture

four modalities of regulation (Lawrence Lessig)

Internet/WebOpen Flat

Open Flat

Open Flat

Open FlatOpen Flat

Internet/Web changes the societyopen and flat

Internet/Web changes Scienceopen and flat

Open Science is possible and inevitable now

So Science is becoming Open

• Open science has been discussed in philosophical, political, methodological, or any kind of views.

• “Open Science NOW” is geared and realized  by Internet as Architecture

• Data sharing is the good first step for OpenScience

Data sharing

Researcher before Digital Age

papers

data

research target

Survey Paper working

Research & Writing

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01011011101011011111000111100001101010101011111000111100001101010101011101011011111000111100001101010101011101011011101011011111000111100001101010101011111000111100001101010101011101011011111000111100001101010101011101011011101011011111000111100001101010101011111000111100001101010101011101011011111000111100001101010101011111100001101010101111111001110000110101010100110101010100001101010101

Researchers now

Data use Data publishing

Research, Writing & Data publishingpapers

data

research target

Survey Paper working

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Researcher in Future

Data

Data use Data publishing

Integration of papers & data

Data publishing

Research = Data Supply‐chain

• A scholar is just a library way ofmaking another library– Daniel Dennett, “Memes and the Exploitation of Imagination”, 1990

• A scholar is just a data way ofmaking another data

Data sharing

Data Sharing? or 

Data Publication?or

Open Data?

Data Life Cycle

• Data is created, shared, published, and archived

• But, just “published” is not enough, it should be “openly published” (open data)

Data ShareCreate Publish Archive

Research Phase In Progress Results

Open Data

• “A piece of data or content is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it — subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share‐alike.” http://opendefinition.org/

• Open data is data publication with some open license

– Open license ensues the above condition

Data Life Cycle

• Different tools for different stages of life cycle– Data sharing: generating, federating, …– Data publishing: searching, harvesting, …– Data archiving: migration, …

• The architecture CAN be shared 

Data ShareCreate Publish Preserve

Research Phase In Progress Results

StakeholderResearch Institute

Researcher/R. Group

Architecture of data sharing

Requirements for Research DataSharing

• Understandability

• Findability

• Persistency

– Persistency for data

– Persistency for metadata

• Controllability

Repository

Architecture of data sharing

Data

Format

Metadata

Metadata Schema

Systematic Integration across the layersInteroperability on each layer

Access Control

Identifier

Database, Search, MaintenanceDatabase, Search, Maintenance

ス Description Language, Schema design, Registry, Interoperabilityス Description Language, Schema design, Registry, Interoperability

Continuous Development, Community of Practice Continuous Development, Community of Practice Repository

Architecture of data sharing

Data

Format

Metadata

Metadata Schema

Authentication/authorization/audit, ID federation, securityAuthentication/authorization/audit, ID federation, securityAccess Control

Organization, systems, ID federationOrganization, systems, ID federationIdentifier

Understandability

Findability

Persistency

Controllability

Database, Search, MaintenanceDatabase, Search, Maintenance

ス Description Language, Schema design, Registry, Interoperabilityス Description Language, Schema design, Registry, Interoperability

Continuous Development, Community of Practice Continuous Development, Community of Practice Repository

Architecture of data sharing

Data

Format

Metadata

Metadata Schema

Authentication/authorization/audit, ID federation, securityAuthentication/authorization/audit, ID federation, securityAccess Control

Organization, systems, ID federationOrganization, systems, ID federationIdentifier

DataCite CrossRef JaLC Dublin Core DCAT CKAN Linked Data

Organization Schema System Technology

Coordination and Competition

Dspace Fedora Weko

DOI ORCID FundRef

ID (Identifier)

Research Activities and Related Entities

Survey

Article Writing

Data

Digital Articles

Acquiring DataPublishing Data

Funding agencies

ResearchInstitutions

affiliated

Projects

Supported

Academic Societies

Digital objectsDigital objects Digital objectsDigital objects

Topics

Research Activities and Related Entities

Survey

Article Writing

Data

Digital Articles

Acquiring DataPublishing Data

Funding agencies Projects

ResearchInstitutions

affiliated

Supported

Academic Societies

Digital objectsDigital objects Digital objectsDigital objects

Topics

ID

ID ID

ID

ID IDID

ID

IDID

ID

Research Activities and Related Entities

Survey

Article Writing

Acquiring DataPublishing Data

Funding agencies Projects

affiliated

Supported

ID

ID ID

ID

ID IDID

ID

IDID

ID

Data

Digital Articles

ResearchInstitutions

Academic SocietiesTopics

Identifies for research

• ID for– Article– Data– Researcher– Institutions, affiliation– Funding agency, funded project– Academic society

– Topic– …

Identifies for research

• A research activity is represented with a structure of identifies

– Planned and submitted 

– Organized and executed

– Concluded and evaluated  

DOI

DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

• Service to translate DOI names to URIs containing digital objects

• Service managed by International DOI Foundation (IDF)

• Initially started by STM publishers to share identifiers for digital publications

• Distributed management– Delegation of registration tasks to Registration Agencies (RAs) 

Roles of DOI

• Provide resolvable, persistent, interoperable links

– Resolvable: standard syntax + mapping by handle system

– Persistent• Technically: management of registry DBs

• Socially: organizational operations and duties for members

– Interoperability: sharing datamodel

Repository

DOI in Architecture of data sharing

Data

Format

Metadata

Metadata Schema

Access Control

Identifier

JaLC Metadata Schema

DataCite Metadata Schema

DataCiteJaLC

Members (data providers)

Domain‐specific metadata schemata

DOI

Experiment Projectto register DOIs for Research Data

• Goal− Establish operation flows to register DOIs for research data

• Objectives− Set policies in registering DOIs for research data

− Establish operation flows to register DOIs for research data with JaLC system. 

− Test Data DOI registrations

− October 2014 – October 2015

38

Members of the project

9 projects with 14 organizations

Issues in Data DOI

• Flow of operations

• Persistent access

• Granularity of data in registration

• Dynamics of data

• Landing page

• Quantity of data

• Applications

40

Recommendations for Data DOIs

• Recognition of variety of the nature of data

• Minimal Commitment

– Persistency, Interoperability, Usability,manageability

• Design own DOI registration policy

Metadata and Metadata Schema

Linked Data

• Network of metadata

• Sharing metadataamong RA

– CrossRef

– DataCite

– (JaLC)Image

Title

Yokohama Museum

Isamu Noguchiisamu@noguchi.jp

1989

近寄るとなぜか覗きたくなってしまう「真夜中の太陽」越しに「無言のうちに歩いている」を見る。いつもと違った作品に出会えます。

Description

WorkURI

URI

CreatorURI

3‐4‐1, Minato Mirai, Nishi‐ku, Yokohama

045‐221‐0300

MuseumPlaceURI

真夏の太陽

Date

Creator

Is_located_inLabel Address

Phone

Category

Image

Image

NameE‐address

wikipedia

Summary

• Open Science becomes possible and evitable by Internet/Web• Open Science backed by data‐sharing• Data‐sharing architecture 

– Interoperability should be guaranteed– Layers

• Metadata Schema/Metadata/ID/Data format/Data/Repository/AccessControl

– Cooperation and Competition

• DOI is the promising ID for data but different in use from one for literature– DOI registration policy is needed

• Lots of issues in other layers