research article …downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2012/210306.pdf · 2019-07-31 · table 3:...

International Scholarly Research NetworkISRN DentistryVolume 2012, Article ID 210306, 3 pagesdoi:10.5402/2012/210306

Research Article

Malocclusion Pattern (Angle’s) in Mauritian Orthodontic Patients

B. H. Durgesh,1 Prashanth Prakash,2 Ravikumar Ramakrishnaiah,3

Basavaraj Subashchandra Phulari,4 and Abdul Aziz A. Al Kheraif3

1 Faculty, Dental Health Department, Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences,King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia

2 Department of Pedodontics, MS Ramaiah Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India3 Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 560013, Saudi Arabia4 Faculty, Department of Orthodontics, Mauras, College of Dentistry and Hospital, Arsenal, Mauritius

Correspondence should be addressed to B. H. Durgesh, drdurgesh19@gmail.com

Received 7 February 2012; Accepted 4 March 2012

Academic Editor: D. Wray

Copyright © 2012 B. H. Durgesh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The aim of the study was to assess the pattern of malocclusion in different ethnic group of Mauritian population visiting theOrthodontic Department at Mauras College of Dentistry and Hospital, Republic of Mauritius. The study population comprisedof 624 patients who visited the orthodontic department during 2010. The clinical examination was conducted by a well-calibratedorthodontist. The data were recorded in the case sheets and was analyzed for presence of angles class I, class II, and class III mal-occlusion in both male and female patients of Asian, African, Caucasian, and Chinese ethnicity aged 5–55 years. Malocclusion wasfound to be high in females compared to males. 414 patients (150 male + 264 female) presented with class I, 182 patients (52 male +130 female) presented with class II, and 28 patients (12 male + 16 female) presented with class III. Asian ethnic group were moreaffected and patient seeking orthodontic treatment was high in 11–15 years age group.

1. Introduction

Mauritius is a sparkling crystal in the turquoise waters of theIndian ocean. The island has maintained one of the devel-oping world’s most successful democracies and has enjoyedyears of constitutional order and also the most developed ofthe Mascarene Islands; the contrast of colors, cultures, andtastes makes the island very charming. Mauras College ofDentistry and Hospital is the only fully functional college inthe island providing good service in dental health care sector.There is hardly any study on pattern of malocclusion doneon the Mauritian patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Sothis study aims at understanding the level of malocclusionpresent and evaluates the treatment need in different agegroup, sex, and ethnicity of Mauritian orthodontic patients.

The epidemiological data on the prevalence of malocclu-sion is an important determinant in planning appropriatelevels of orthodontic treatment [1]. A large number of epi-demiological studies have been carried out to determine theprevalence of malocclusion in different racial and ethnic

groups and the reported incidences varied in different pop-ulations [2–6]. The Angle’s classification method has beenwidely used as a qualitative epidemiological tool for maloc-clusion assessment [7].

2. Materials and Methods

The orthodontic records of 624 patients who attended theDepartment of Orthodontics at Mauras College of Dentistrywere taken as the study population.

Patients with a history of previous orthodontic treatmentor with systemic disease, craniofacial deformities, or syn-drome and patients with incomplete records were excludedfrom this study. All patients were self-referred. Data wascollected in case sheets by an orthodontist at the Departmentof Orthodontics. Examinations were carried out using amirror and probe and a pen light wielded by an assistant.

The criteria of examination included qualitative methodof recording occlusal traits, that is, Angle’s classification to

2 ISRN Dentistry

Table 1: Distribution of Angle’s malocclusion according to sex.

Class I Class II Class III

Male (m) 150 (36) 52 (28.6) 12 (43)

Female (f) 264 (64)∗ 130 (71.4)∗∗ 16 (57)

Sum (m + f) 414 (100) 182 (100) 28 (100)∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01.

Table 2: Distribution of Angle’s class I malocclusion in male andfemale of different ethnicity.

Asian African Caucassian Chinese

n n n n

Male (m) 142 (39) 6 (15) 0 (0) 2 (50)

Female (f) 222 (61)∗ 34 (85)∗∗ 6 (100) 2 (50)

Sum (m + f) 364 (100) 40 (100) 6 (100) 4 (100)∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01.

Table 3: Distribution of Angle’s class II malocclusion in male andfemale of different ethnicity.

n n n n

Male (m) 48 (28) 2 (25) 2 (100) 0 (0)

Female (f) 122 (72)∗∗ 8 (75)∗∗ 0 (0) 0 (0)

Sum (m + f) 170 (100) 10 (100) 2 (100) 0 (0)∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01.

Table 4: Distribution of Angle’s class III malocclusion in male andfemale of different ethnicity.

n n n n

Male (m) 10 (55.5) 2 (25) 0 (0) 0 (0)

Female (f) 8 (44.5) 8 (75)∗∗ 0 (0) 0 (0)

Sum (m + f) 18 (100) 10 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0)∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01.

determine the anterior-posterior dental arch relationship [8].This method is useful for easy documentation and providesa common channel of communication among dental profes-sionals. The readings taken either from the first permanentmolar relationship, or in the case of its absence or extraction,the canine relationship was marked. Angles class II divisionsI and II were not segregated but considered as fully class II.

Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical soft-ware for Windows v.13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

3. Results

The study demonstrated the significant difference in distri-bution of malocclusion (Table 1) between males (34.3%) andfemales (65.7%).

Asian males and females had highest distribution of classI malocclusion with 87.9% and least with Chinese 1.1%(Table 2).

Table 5: Distribution of Angle’s classification according to differentage group.

Class I Class II Class III

Age (years) n n n

5–10 56 (13) 28 (15.4) 0 (0)

11–15 170 (41)∗ 88 (48.4)∗ 8 (29)

16–20 90 (22) 34 (18.7) 12 (43)∗

21–25 48 (12) 14 (7.7) 4 (14)

26–30 26 (6) 8 (4.4) 2 (07)

31–35 8 (2) 4 (2.2) 0 (0)

36–40 6 (1.5) 4 (2.2) 2 (07)

41–45 4 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0)

46–50 4 (1) 2 (1.1) 0 (0)

51–55 2 (0.5) 0 (0) 0 (0)

Sum 414 (100) 182 (100) 28 (100)∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01.

The distribution of class II malocclusion in Asian andAfricans females (Table 3) was highly significant (P < 0.01).

Class III malocclusion was highly significant (P < 0.01)in African females (Table 4). Malocclusion in relation todifferent age group showed highly significant values in 11–15 years age group with class I and class II malocclusion and16–20 years age group with class III malocclusion (Table 5).

4. Discussion

The evaluation of orthodontic patients with many variables(age, sex, and ethnicity) may give valuable information forplanning orthodontic treatment. According to the evaluationAngle class I malocclusion was considered the most prevalenttype of malocclusion with 66.3% followed by 29.2% class IIand 4.5% class III among the orthodontic patients examined.

The predominance of Angle’s class I malocclusion in thisstudy may also be attributed to sample selection and ethnicvariation.

Distribution of different type of malocclusion may showgreat variability even in a population of same origin [9].Although angle’s classification is limited in that it does notincorporate vertical and transversal abnormalities, it is auniversally accepted system that is reliable and repeatable andthat minimizes examiner subjectivity [10]. The present studyconfirmed that predominant anterior posterior relationshipof the arches in examined subjects was class I malocclusionwith significant gender differences. The male: female ratio inour study was 1 : 2, which is similar to other studies [9, 11].Female study group presented with high number of class IIand class III malocclusion. On the other hand, Onyeaso et al.[12] reported that males were found to have significantlymore of classes II and III molar relationships than females.

5. Conclusion

This study revealed the predominance of class I malocclusionamong the orthodontic patients and Asians were the most

ISRN Dentistry 3

common with malocclusion as compared with Africans,Caucasians, and Chinese.

Treatment need was high in 11–15 years age group, thereason being the esthetic concern of that particular agegroup. The study also indicated the scope of adult orthodon-tics as the study population had good number of patientsseeking orthodontic treatment above 40 years of age.

References

[1] A. Sidlauskas and K. Lopatiene, “The prevalence of malocclu-sion among 7–15-year-old Lithuanian schoolchildren,” Medic-ina, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 147–152, 2009.

[2] B. Thilander, L. Pena, C. Infante, S. S. Parada, and C. DeMayorga, “Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treat-ment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia.An epidemiological study related to different stages of dentaldevelopment,” European Journal of Orthodontics, vol. 23, no. 2,pp. 153–167, 2001.

[3] J. A. Brunelle, M. Bhat, and J. A. Lipton, “Prevalence and dis-tribution of selected occlusal characteristics in the US popula-tion, 1988–1991,” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 75, pp. 706–713, 1996.

[4] F. Ciuffolo, L. Manzoli, M. D’Attilio et al., “Prevalence anddistribution by gender of occlusal characteristics in a sampleof Italian secondary school students: a cross-sectional study,”European Journal of Orthodontics, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 601–606,2005.

[5] E. Josefsson, K. Bjerklin, and R. Lindsten, “Malocclusionfrequency in Swedish and immigrant adolescents—influenceof origin on orthodontic treatment need,” European Journal ofOrthodontics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 79–87, 2007.

[6] P. M. Ng’ang’a, F. Ohio, B. Ogaard, and J. Valderhaug, “Theprevalence of malocclusion in 13- to 15-year-old children inNairobi, Kenya,” Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, vol. 54, pp.126–130, 1996.

[7] E. H. Angle, “Classification of malocclusion,” Dental Cosmos,vol. 41, pp. 248–264, 1899.

[8] E. L. K. Tang and S. H. Y. Wei, “Recording and measuringmalocclusion: a review of the literature,” American Journal ofOrthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, vol. 103, no. 4, pp.344–351, 1993.

[9] M. O. Sayin and H. Turkkahraman, “Malocclusion and crowd-ing in an orthodontically referred turkish population,” AngleOrthodontist, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 635–639, 2004.

[10] R. G. Silva and D. S. Kang, “Prevalence of malocclusion amongLatino adolescents,” American Journal of Orthodontics andDentofacial Orthopedics, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 313–315, 2001.

[11] W. B. Jones, “Malocclusion and facial types in a group ofSaudi Arabian patients referred for orthodontic treatment: apreliminary study,” British Journal of Orthodontics, vol. 14, no.3, pp. 143–146, 1987.

[12] C. O. Onyeaso, G. A. Aderinokun, and M. O. Arowojolu, “Thepattern of malocclusion among orthodontic patients seen inDental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria,”African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, vol. 31, no. 3,pp. 207–211, 2002.

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