reptiles birds and mammals. classification kingdom animalia phylum chordata subphylum vertebrata...
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Reptiles Birds and Mammals
ClassificationKingdom Animalia
Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata
Classes Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia
Reptiles Aves Mammalia
Brains
The brains of reptiles, birds and mammals are very similar except in size.
Parts of the brain
Cerebrum – Thinking, memory and voluntary movements.
Cerebellum – Balance and coordination
Optic – sight
Olfactory – smell
Medulla Oblongata – Basic body functions –breathing, heartbeat….
Reptile
Examples: snakes, turtles, crocodiles, tuatara
Characteristics: claws on toes, scales made from keratin, amniote egg, most are oviparous but a few are ovoviviparous, nictitating membrane, internal fertilization, cold blooded (ectothermic), 3 ½ chamber heart.
Terminology
Oviparous – Lays eggs (reptiles and birds)
Viviparous – Live birth (mammals)
Ovoviviparous – Has internal eggs but live birth. (garter snakes, sharks…)
Amniote Egg
Functions of Parts of Egg
Shell – protection
Chorion – Gas exchange
Amnion – protection
Allantois – waste storage
Yolk sac – food storage
Embryo - baby
Turtles - Testudines
Have a shell fused to the rib cage and vertebrae.
Snakes and Lizards - Squamata
Lack legs but a few like boa have vestigial legs, hundred of rib, reduced kidneys, reproductive organs and lungs. Everything is elongated.
They have
awesome
sense organs.
Poisonous Lizards
There are only two species of venomous lizards. They are the gila monster and the beaded lizard. Komodo dragons are the largest lizard. They are not venomous but their bite is deadly because of all of the bacteria in the saliva.
Gila Monster
Beaded
Lizard
Venomous Snakes
Snakes use a special organ to smell called Jacobson’s Organ.
Top 101. Fierce Snake 6. Beaked Sea Snake
2. Common Brown 7. Western Tiger Snake
3. Taipan 8. Giant Black Tiger Snake
4. Eastern Tiger 9. Death Adder
5. Riesvie Tiger Snake 10. Western Brown Snake
Crocodiles - Crocodilia
Include crocs, alligators, gavil, caimen. Have a four chamber heart.
Tuatara - Rhyncocephilia
Most ancient form of reptile. Three eyes (parietal eye), native to some Indonesian islands.
Aves: birds
Birds have feathers made from keratin, hollow bones, reduced internal organs (lighter to fly), advanced respiratory system with air sacs, four chamber heart, amniote egg with a calcium shell (oviparous), forelimbs modified into wings, no teeth, scales on the feet, and warm-bloodedness (endothermic).
Bird Anatomy
Feather
Types of Feathers
Flight feather – used for flight – wings and tail
Contour feathers – aerodynamics – outside of body
Down feathers – warmth – next to body
Filoplume – nostrils – clean air before entering lungs
• down feather
• flight feather
Bird classification – flying styles
Flightless diving birds – penguins
Normal flight - eagles, robin…
Can fly backwards – hummingbirds
Only fly short distances – chickens
Flightless – ostriches, rhea, emu, kiwi
Beak Adaptations
Different types of food have led t differences in beak types. What type of food do these birds eat?
Foot types
Differences in foot design have added birds to live in different habitats.
Behavioral differences
Birds have different behaviors. These include nest building, aerial displays, courtship rituals and song.
Mammals
Characteristics
1. Hair2. Endothermic (warm-blooded)3. Mammary Glands produce milk for young4. 4 chamber heart5. Fat layer beneath the skin6. Bones in the ear7. Simple jaw with complex specialized
teeth
Feeding
Compared to reptiles, mammals must eat 10 times more food. As a result they have specialized teeth like incisors, canine teeth, molar and premolars. The types and designs of the teeth help to classify mammals.
Circulatory System
Mammals have a double loop circulatory system. This means that one loop takes the blood to the lungs. The other loop takes the blood out to the body.
Respiratory system
To inflate the lungs, muscles lift the ribcage, lower the diaphragm and suck air into the lungs.
The liver changes nitrogen wastes in the blood into urea.
Kidneys then take the urea out of the blood and expel it as urine.
Nervous System
Mammals have the same brain parts as other animals.
Sense organs – Mammals have eyes adapted to low light, sharp sense of smell and taste and hearing.
Humans have good color vision, good hearing and poor smell and taste
Reproduction
Mammals have internal reproduction and live birth. Viviparous
Classification
Mammals are classified into three groups based on how they reproduce. These groups are monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals
Monotremes
Monotremes are the most primitive mammals with characteristics of reptiles and mammals.
Reptile-like = cloaca, ectothermic and lay
leathery eggs
Mammal-like = Hair, mammary glands but no nipples.
Examples: Duck billed platypus, Echidnea
Monotreme pictures
Marsupials
Mammals that have extremely immature birth and keep babies in a pouch.
Only one North American Marsupial – opossum
Other examples – kangaroo, koala, Tasmanian devil, wombat…
Placental Mammals
Mammals that have a placenta that they use to nourish the young in the uterus.
Rodentia
Have two incisors per jaw that grow their entire lives
Examples: Beaver, rat, mice, squirrel
Lagomorpha
Have four incisors per jaw that grow their entire lives.
Example: rabbit, hare
Edentata
Lack teeth or have very small simple teeth.
Examples: anteater, sloth, armadillo
Artiodactyla
Even number of toes per foot and are plant eaters. Have more than one stomach.
Examples: cows, pigs, antelopes, deer, hippo, giraffe
Perissodactyla
Have an odd number of toes per foot. Have an appendix and one stomach.
Examples: horse, zebra, rhinoceros, tapir
Dermoptera
Mammals that glide on skin between their legs.
Examples: flying squirrel, flying lemurs
Chiroptera
True flying mammals. Fly on skin between their fingers.
Examples: Bats
Carnivora
Mammals with large canine teeth. Most are meat eaters.
Examples: Hyena, lions, tigers, bear, weasels, cats, dogs
CetaceaHave blow hole, live in the oceans and two
limbs (flippers).
Examples: Whales, dolphin
Sirenia
Mammals with no blow hole, two limbs and mistaken for mermaids.
Example: Manatee
Pinnipedia
Marine mammals with four limbs, no blow hole and are meat eaters.
Examples: seal, sea lion, walrus
Proboscidea
Large noses (proboscis).
Examples: Elephant
Insectivora
Mammals with reduced eyes, no external ears, long pointed noses.
Examples: moles, shrew
Primates
Large brains compared to body size. Opposable thumbs.
Examples: human, apes, chimpanzee
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